SpringCloud Gateway 路由数量对性能的影响研究

SpringCloud Gateway 系列文章共五篇,由我行开发工程师 @Aaron 提供,带大家深入剖析 Gateway 工作原理,及如何基于 Gateway 进行定制化开发以适应企业特定环境需求。
第二篇:SpringCloud Gateway 路由数量对性能的影响研究。
第三篇:SpringCloud Gateway 路由转发性能优化。
第四篇:SpringCloud Gateway 路由断言。
第五篇:SpringCloud Gateway 过滤器。
背景描述
近期在公司建设 API 治理平台过程中,以 SpringCloud Gateway 为基础,构建了一个 API 的 Mock 服务,以 API 的 URI 作为路由,根据服务端存储的 API DSL,验证请求信息,生成并返回 Mock 报文。
SpringCloud Gateway 具备很好的 动态路由 支持功能,可以在 API DSL 创建的同时,创建一条 Mock 路由,这样 API DSL 创建后,开发人员就可以使用 Mock 服务进行开发调试工作。
但作为一个企业级应用,所管辖的 API 的数量众多,SpringCloud Gateway 在路由表急剧膨胀后的性能如何?目前没有查阅到明确说明的资料。翻阅其源码发现,断言命中其实是进行的遍历,这样路由表膨胀时,路由性能存疑,需要进行验证,根据验证结果制定近一步优化方案。
验证方法
保持其他所有变量不变,仅调整路由表大小,使用 JMH 工具进行基准测试,得出路由表膨胀与路由性能的关系。
需要编写三个服务:
路由网关
挡板服务(路由转发的 upstream)
JMH 测试端
配置信息
CPU Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9700K CPU @ 3.60GHz
基准速度: 3.60 GHz 插槽: 1 内核: 8 逻辑处理器: 8 虚拟化: 已启用 L1 缓存: 512 KB L2 缓存: 2.0 MB L3 缓存: 12.0 MB
测试期间CPU利用率约 50%
SpringCloud Gateway 3.0.3, Java 1.8.0_251
测试过程需控制变量,所以 CPU 负债不能过高,下图是我执行测试时的 CPU 负载情况
路由定义示例
{ "_id": { "$oid": "60c4f055588bca06132e44cb" }, "predicates": [{ "name": "Path", "args": { "_genkey_0": "/1999" } }], "filters": [{ "name": "AddRequestHeader", "args": { "_genkey_0": "x-benchmark-routeId", "_genkey_1": "60c4f055588bca06132e44cb" } }, { "name": "PrefixPath", "args": { "_genkey_0": "/ok" } }], "uri": "http://localhost:9999", "metadata": {}, "order": 1, "_class": "com.example.scgw.benchmark.route.MongoRouteDefinition"}
测试结论
见上图,测试结果无论系统的吞吐量,还是响应时间指标,都随着路由表的膨胀变差,当路由表膨胀到 10W 级别时,服务基本不可用了!
这一结论印证了我的猜想。
优化思路一
保持路由网关的通用性(SpringCloud Gateway 设计了很多路由断言手段,包括基于 path、method、header、parameter 等等),采用两级(多级)路由机制见下图:
优化思路二
Mock 服务是一个专有场景,仅根据 Path 和指定 Header 进行转发,可以修改 SpringCloud Gateway 源码,提供一个根据 Path+指定 Header 查找路由的 HashMap,这样进行路由断言时就不需进行路由表遍历。
个人倾向于按照思路二进行优化,优化过程见SpringCloud Gateway 路由转发性能优化。
测试相关代码
路由网关
pom.xml
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb-reactive</artifactId></dependency><dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId></dependency>
MongoRouteDefinition.java
@Documentpublic class MongoRouteDefinition extends RouteDefinition {
@Id private String id;
@Override public String getId() { return this.id; }
@Override public void setId(String id) { this.id = id; }
public static MongoRouteDefinition from(RouteDefinition route) { MongoRouteDefinition newRoute = new MongoRouteDefinition(); BeanUtils.copyProperties(route, newRoute); return newRoute; }}
MongoRouteRepository.java
public interface MongoRouteRepository extends ReactiveMongoRepository<MongoRouteDefinition, String> {
}
MongoRouteDefinitionRepository.java
@Componentpublic class MongoRouteDefinitionRepository implements RouteDefinitionRepository {
private final MongoRouteRepository mongoRouteRepository;
public MongoRouteDefinitionRepository( MongoRouteRepository mongoRouteRepository) { this.mongoRouteRepository = mongoRouteRepository; }
@Override public Flux<RouteDefinition> getRouteDefinitions() { return mongoRouteRepository.findAll().map(r -> r); }
@Override public Mono<Void> save(Mono<RouteDefinition> route) { return route.flatMap( r -> mongoRouteRepository.save(MongoRouteDefinition.from(r)) .and(Mono.empty()) ); }
@Override public Mono<Void> delete(Mono<String> routeId) { return routeId.flatMap(mongoRouteRepository::deleteById); }
public Mono<MongoRouteDefinition> save(MongoRouteDefinition route) { return mongoRouteRepository.save(route); } public Mono<Void> delete(String routeId) { return mongoRouteRepository.deleteById(routeId); }
public Flux<MongoRouteDefinition> saveAll(Flux<RouteDefinition> routes) { return mongoRouteRepository .saveAll(routes.map(MongoRouteDefinition::from)); }
public Flux<MongoRouteDefinition> saveAll(List<MongoRouteDefinition> routes) { return mongoRouteRepository.saveAll(routes); }
public Mono<Void> deleteAll() { return mongoRouteRepository.deleteAll(); }}
MongoRouteDefinitionRepositoryTest.java
@SpringBootTestclass MongoRouteDefinitionRepositoryTest {
public static final String UP_STREAM = "http://localhost:9999"; @Autowired MongoRouteDefinitionRepository mongoRepository;
@Test void save() { Mono<MongoRouteDefinition> route = mongoRepository.save(newRoute(-1));
StepVerifier.create(route) .expectNextMatches(r -> r.getId() != null) .expectComplete() .verify(); }
@Test void saveAll() { this.deleteAll(); int cycle = 100; while (cycle-- > 0) { int count = 100; List<MongoRouteDefinition> routes = new ArrayList<>(count); while (count-- > 0) { routes.add(newRoute(cycle * 100 + count)); } mongoRepository.saveAll(routes).blockLast(); } }
@Test void deleteAll() { mongoRepository.deleteAll().block(); }
private MongoRouteDefinition newRoute(int path) { MongoRouteDefinition route = new MongoRouteDefinition(); route.setId(ObjectId.get().toHexString()); PredicateDefinition predicate = new PredicateDefinition( "Path=/mock/" + path); route.setPredicates(Collections.singletonList(predicate)); List<FilterDefinition> filters = new LinkedList<>(); filters.add(new FilterDefinition("AddRequestHeader=x-benchmark-routeId," + route.getId())); filters.add(new FilterDefinition("PrefixPath=/ok")); route.setFilters(filters); route.setOrder(1); route.setUri(URI.create(UP_STREAM)); return route; }
application.properties
server.port=9999
挡板服务
pom.xml
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webflux</artifactId></dependency>
java
public class MockApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(MockApplication.class, args); } @Bean RouterFunction<ServerResponse> defaultRouter() { return route(path("/ok/**"), this::success); }
Mono<ServerResponse> success(ServerRequest request) { String routeId = request.headers().firstHeader("x-benchmark-routeId"); return ok() .header("x-mock-server-routeId", routeId) .contentType(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN) .body(Mono.just(String.valueOf(routeId)), String.class); }}
application.properties
server.port=9999
JMH 代码
创建工程
mvn archetype:generate \ -DinteractiveMode=false \ -DarchetypeGroupId=org.openjdk.jmh \ -DarchetypeArtifactId=jmh-java-benchmark-archetype \ -DgroupId=com.example \ -DartifactId=jmh \ -Dversion=1.32
修改 POM 文件,添加 http 客户端依赖
<dependency> <groupId>com.squareup.okhttp3</groupId> <artifactId>okhttp</artifactId> <version>4.9.1</version></dependency>
编写测试案例
public class MyBenchmark {
@Benchmark @Threads(2) @Fork(2) @BenchmarkMode(Mode.All) @Warmup(iterations = 1, time = 3) @Measurement(iterations = 10, time = 1) @Timeout(time = 300) public void testMethod() { // 根据路由总数设置随机路由path int path = (int) (Math.random() * 100000); testRoute(path); }
/** * 待测试方法 */ public void testRoute(int path) { OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://127.0.0.1:8888/mock/" + path) .build(); Call call = client.newCall(request); try { Response response = call.execute(); assert response.body() != null; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }}
执行性能基准测试:
方式 1,IDEA 的 JMH 插件 JMH plugin 安装后,直接在 IDEA 里运行;
方式 2,mvn 打包,执行 jar 包
mvn packagejava -jar target/benchmarks.jar
收集测试结果
测试结果数据见下文,共 6 组。
测试数据
对照组(直连)
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error UnitsMyBenchmark.testMethod thrpt 20 899.152 ± 137.062 ops/sMyBenchmark.testMethod avgt 20 0.002 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod sample 17647 0.002 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.00 sample 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.50 sample 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.90 sample 0.003 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.95 sample 0.003 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.99 sample 0.003 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.999 sample 0.012 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.9999 sample 0.018 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p1.00 sample 0.018 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod ss 20 0.003 ± 0.001 s/op
100 条路由
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error UnitsMyBenchmark.testMethod thrpt 20 713.931 ± 97.302 ops/sMyBenchmark.testMethod avgt 20 0.003 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod sample 14090 0.003 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.00 sample 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.50 sample 0.003 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.90 sample 0.004 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.95 sample 0.004 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.99 sample 0.005 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.999 sample 0.008 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.9999 sample 0.011 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p1.00 sample 0.011 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod ss 20 0.003 ± 0.001 s/op
1000 条路由
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error UnitsMyBenchmark.testMethod thrpt 20 630.823 ± 41.301 ops/sMyBenchmark.testMethod avgt 20 0.003 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod sample 12617 0.003 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.00 sample 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.50 sample 0.003 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.90 sample 0.004 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.95 sample 0.004 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.99 sample 0.005 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.999 sample 0.008 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.9999 sample 0.009 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p1.00 sample 0.009 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod ss 20 0.004 ± 0.001 s/op
5000 条路由
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error UnitsMyBenchmark.testMethod thrpt 20 248.353 ± 4.634 ops/sMyBenchmark.testMethod avgt 20 0.008 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod sample 5007 0.008 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.00 sample 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.50 sample 0.009 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.90 sample 0.009 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.95 sample 0.011 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.99 sample 0.014 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.999 sample 0.017 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.9999 sample 0.019 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p1.00 sample 0.019 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod ss 20 0.009 ± 0.001 s/op
1w 条路由
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error UnitsMyBenchmark.testMethod thrpt 20 131.585 ± 1.799 ops/sMyBenchmark.testMethod avgt 20 0.015 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod sample 2671 0.015 ± 0.001 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.00 sample 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.50 sample 0.016 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.90 sample 0.017 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.95 sample 0.018 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.99 sample 0.028 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.999 sample 0.030 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.9999 sample 0.030 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p1.00 sample 0.030 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod ss 20 0.016 ± 0.001 s/op
10W 条路由
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error UnitsMyBenchmark.testMethod thrpt 20 13.880 ± 0.364 ops/sMyBenchmark.testMethod avgt 20 0.141 ± 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod sample 300 0.141 ± 0.002 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.00 sample 0.005 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.50 sample 0.141 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.90 sample 0.142 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.95 sample 0.143 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.99 sample 0.144 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.999 sample 0.270 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p0.9999 sample 0.270 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod:testMethod·p1.00 sample 0.270 s/opMyBenchmark.testMethod ss 20 0.141 ± 0.001 s/op
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中原银行
打造科技驱动、创新引领的数字化未来银行。 2020.02.06 加入
中原银行是河南省属法人银行,总部位于河南省郑州市。我行坚持“科技立行、科技兴行”,秉承“稳健 创新 进取 高效”理念,发展移动金融、线上金融,提升综合金融服务能力,金融科技应用水平居国内城商行领先地位。











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