Linux 的 make 及 makefile 文件格式
总之,make 只是一个根据指定的 Shell 命令进行构建的工具。它的规则很简单,你规定要构建哪个文件、它依赖哪些源文件,当那些文件有变动时,如何重新构建它。
构建规则都写在 Makefile 文件里面,要学会如何 Make 命令,就必须学会如何编写 Makefile 文件。
2.1 概述
Makefile 文件由一系列规则(rules)构成。每条规则的形式如下。
<code class=" language-bash">
<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);"><</span>target<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">></span> <span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);"><</span>prerequisites<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">></span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">[</span>tab<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">]</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);"><</span>commands<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">></span>
</code>
上面第一行冒号前面的部分,叫做"目标"(target),冒号后面的部分叫做"前置条件"(prerequisites);第二行必须由一个 tab 键起首,后面跟着"命令"(commands)。
"目标"是必需的,不可省略;"前置条件"和"命令"都是可选的,但是两者之中必须至少存在一个。
每条规则就明确两件事:构建目标的前置条件是什么,以及如何构建。下面就详细讲解,每条规则的这三个组成部分。
2.2 目标(target)
一个目标(target)就构成一条规则。目标通常是文件名,指明 Make 命令所要构建的对象,比如上文的 a.txt 。目标可以是一个文件名,也可以是多个文件名,之间用空格分隔。
除了文件名,目标还可以是某个操作的名字,这称为"伪目标"(phony target)。
<code class=" language-bash">
clean<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
rm <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">\*</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>o
</code>
上面代码的目标是 clean,它不是文件名,而是一个操作的名字,属于"伪目标 ",作用是删除对象文件。
<code class=" language-bash">
$ make clean
</code>
但是,如果当前目录中,正好有一个文件叫做 clean,那么这个命令不会执行。因为 Make 发现 clean 文件已经存在,就认为没有必要重新构建了,就不会执行指定的 rm 命令。
为了避免这种情况,可以明确声明 clean 是"伪目标",写法如下。
<code class=" language-bash">
<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>PHONY<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> clean
clean<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
rm <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">\*</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>o temp
</code>
声明 clean 是"伪目标"之后,make 就不会去检查是否存在一个叫做 clean 的文件,而是每次运行都执行对应的命令。像.PHONY 这样的内置目标名还有不少,可以查看手册。
如果 Make 命令运行时没有指定目标,默认会执行 Makefile 文件的第一个目标。
<code class=" language-bash">
$ make
</code>
上面代码执行 Makefile 文件的第一个目标。
2.3 前置条件(prerequisites)
前置条件通常是一组文件名,之间用空格分隔。它指定了"目标"是否重新构建的判断标准:只要有一个前置文件不存在,或者有过更新(前置文件的 last-modification 时间戳比目标的时间戳新),"目标"就需要重新构建。
<code class=" language-bash">
result<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
cp source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt result<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
</code>
上面代码中,构建 result.txt 的前置条件是 source.txt 。如果当前目录中,source.txt 已经存在,那么make result.txt
可以正常运行,否则必须再写一条规则,来生成 source.txt 。
<code class=" language-bash">
source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> <span class="token string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 0);">"this is the source"</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">></span> source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
</code>
上面代码中,source.txt 后面没有前置条件,就意味着它跟其他文件都无关,只要这个文件还不存在,每次调用make source.txt
,它都会生成。
<code class=" language-bash">
$ make result<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
$ make result<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
</code>
上面命令连续执行两次make result.txt
。第一次执行会先新建 source.txt,然后再新建 result.txt。第二次执行,Make 发现 source.txt 没有变动(时间戳晚于 result.txt),就不会执行任何操作,result.txt 也不会重新生成。
如果需要生成多个文件,往往采用下面的写法。
<code class=" language-bash">
source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> file1 file2 file3
</code>
上面代码中,source 是一个伪目标,只有三个前置文件,没有任何对应的命令。
<code class=" language-bash">
$ make source
</code>
执行make source
命令后,就会一次性生成 file1,file2,file3 三个文件。这比下面的写法要方便很多。
<code class=" language-bash">
$ make file1
$ make file2
$ make file3
</code>
2.4 命令(commands)
命令(commands)表示如何更新目标文件,由一行或多行的 Shell 命令组成。它是构建"目标"的具体指令,它的运行结果通常就是生成目标文件。
每行命令之前必须有一个 tab 键。如果想用其他键,可以用内置变量.RECIPEPREFIX 声明。
<code class=" language-bash">
<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>RECIPEPREFIX <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">></span>
all<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">></span> <span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> Hello<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">,</span> world
</code>
上面代码用.RECIPEPREFIX 指定,大于号(>)替代 tab 键。所以,每一行命令的起首变成了大于号,而不是 tab 键。
需要注意的是,每行命令在一个单独的 shell 中执行。这些 Shell 之间没有继承关系。
<code class=" language-bash">
var<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>lost<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
export foo<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span>bar
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> <span class="token string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 0);">"foo=\[$<span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$foo</span>\]"</span>
</code>
上面代码执行后(make var-lost
),取不到 foo 的值。因为两行命令在两个不同的进程执行。一个解决办法是将两行命令写在一行,中间用分号分隔。
<code class=" language-bash">
var<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>kept<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
export foo<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span>bar<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span> <span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> <span class="token string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 0);">"foo=\[$<span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$foo</span>\]"</span>
</code>
另一个解决办法是在换行符前加反斜杠转义。
<code class=" language-bash">
var<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>kept<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
export foo<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span>bar<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span> \\
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> <span class="token string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 0);">"foo=\[$<span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$foo</span>\]"</span>
</code>
最后一个方法是加上.ONESHELL:
命令。
<code class=" language-bash">
<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>ONESHELL<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
var<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>kept<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
export foo<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span>bar<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> <span class="token string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 0);">"foo=\[$<span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$foo</span>\]"</span>
</code>
3.1 注释
井号(#)在 Makefile 中表示注释。
<code class=" language-bash">
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这是注释
</span>result<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这是注释
</span> cp source<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt result<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt <span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这也是注释
</span></code>
3.2 回声(echoing)
正常情况下,make 会打印每条命令,然后再执行,这就叫做回声(echoing)。
<code class=" language-bash">
test<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这是测试
</span></code>
执行上面的规则,会得到下面的结果。
<code class=" language-bash">
$ make test
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这是测试
</span></code>
在命令的前面加上 @,就可以关闭回声。
<code class=" language-bash">
test<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
@<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这是测试
</span></code>
现在再执行make test
,就不会有任何输出。
由于在构建过程中,需要了解当前在执行哪条命令,所以通常只在注释和纯显示的 echo 命令前面加上 @。
<code class=" language-bash">
test<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
@<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 这是测试
</span> @<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> TODO
</code>
3.3 通配符
通配符(wildcard)用来指定一组符合条件的文件名。Makefile 的通配符与 Bash 一致,主要有星号(*)、问号(?)和 [...] 。比如, *.o 表示所有后缀名为 o 的文件。
<code class=" language-bash">
clean<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
rm <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>f <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">\*</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>o
</code>
3.4 模式匹配
Make 命令允许对文件名,进行类似正则运算的匹配,主要用到的匹配符是 %。比如,假定当前目录下有 f1.c 和 f2.c 两个源码文件,需要将它们编译为对应的对象文件。
<code class=" language-bash">
<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">%</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>o<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">%</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>c
</code>
等同于下面的写法。
<code class=" language-bash">
f1<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>o<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> f1<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>c
f2<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>o<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> f2<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>c
</code>
使用匹配符 %,可以将大量同类型的文件,只用一条规则就完成构建。
3.5 变量和赋值符
Makefile 允许使用等号自定义变量。
<code class=" language-bash">
txt <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> Hello World
test<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
@<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> $<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span>
</code>
上面代码中,变量 txt 等于 Hello World。调用时,变量需要放在 $( ) 之中。
调用 Shell 变量,需要在美元符号前,再加一个美元符号,这是因为 Make 命令会对美元符号转义。
<code class=" language-bash">
test<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
@<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> $<span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$HOME</span>
</code>
有时,变量的值可能指向另一个变量。
<code class=" language-bash">
v1 <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> $<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>v2<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span>
</code>
上面代码中,变量 v1 的值是另一个变量 v2。这时会产生一个问题,v1 的值到底在定义时扩展(静态扩展),还是在运行时扩展(动态扩展)?如果 v2 的值是动态的,这两种扩展方式的结果可能会差异很大。
为了解决类似问题,Makefile 一共提供了四个赋值运算符 (=、:=、?=、+=),它们的区别请看StackOverflow。
<code class=" language-bash">
VARIABLE <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> value
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 在执行时扩展,允许递归扩展。
</span>
VARIABLE <span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span><span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> value
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 在定义时扩展。
</span>
VARIABLE <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">?</span><span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> value
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 只有在该变量为空时才设置值。
</span>
VARIABLE <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">+</span><span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> value
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 将值追加到变量的尾端。
</span>
</code>
3.6 内置变量(Implicit Variables)
Make 命令提供一系列内置变量,比如,(MAKE) 指向当前使用的 Make 工具。这主要是为了跨平台的兼容性,详细的内置变量清单见手册。
<code class=" language-bash">
output<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
$<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>o output input<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>c
</code>
3.7 自动变量(Automatic Variables)
Make 命令还提供一些自动变量,它们的值与当前规则有关。主要有以下几个。
(1)$@
$@指代当前目标,就是 Make 命令当前构建的那个目标。比如,make foo
的 $@ 就指代 foo。?
<code class=" language-bash">
a<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt b<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
touch <span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$@</span>
</code>
等同于下面的写法。
<code class=" language-bash">
a<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
touch a<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
b<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
touch b<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
</code>
(2)$<
< 就指代 p1。
<code class=" language-bash">
a<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> b<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt c<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
cp $<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);"><</span> <span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$@</span>
</code>
等同于下面的写法。
<code class=" language-bash">
a<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> b<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt c<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
cp b<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt a<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
</code>
(3)$?
?就指代 p2。
(4)$^
^ 就指代 p1 p2 。
(5)$*
* 就表示 f1。
(6)(@F)
(@F) 分别指向 @是 src/input.c,那么(@F) 的值为 input.c。
(7)(<F)
(<F) 分别指向 $< 的目录名和文件名。?
所有的自动变量清单,请看手册。下面是自动变量的一个例子。
<code class=" language-bash">
dest<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">/</span><span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">%</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span> src<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">/</span><span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">%</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">.</span>txt
@<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">\[</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">-</span>d dest <span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">\]</span> <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">||</span> mkdir dest
cp $<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);"><</span> <span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$@</span>
</code>
上面代码将 src 目录下的 txt 文件,拷贝到 dest 目录下。首先判断 dest 目录是否存在,如果不存在就新建,然后,@ 指代目标文件(dest/%.txt)。
3.8 判断和循环
Makefile 使用 Bash 语法,完成判断和循环。
<code class=" language-bash">
ifeq <span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>$<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">,</span>gcc<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span>
libs<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span>$<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>libs_for_gcc<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">else</span>
libs<span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span>$<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>normal_libs<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span>
endif
</code>
上面代码判断当前编译器是否 gcc ,然后指定不同的库文件。
<code class=" language-bash">
LIST <span class="token operator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(166, 127, 89);">=</span> one two three
all<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="marg
in: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">for</span> i <span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">in</span> $<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">(</span>LIST<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span> <span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">do</span> \
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> $<span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$i</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span> \\
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">done</span>
<span class="token comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(112, 128, 144);"># 等同于
</span>
all<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">:</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">for</span> i <span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">in</span> one two three<span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span> <span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">do</span> \\
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">echo</span> <span class="token property" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 0, 85);">$i</span><span class="token punctuation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">;</span> \\
<span class="token keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; border: none; color: rgb(0, 119, 170);">done</span>
</code>
上面代码的运行结果。
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