hive 窗口函数/分析函数
在 sql 中有一类函数叫做聚合函数,例如 sum()、avg()、max()等等,这类函数可以将多行数据按照规则聚集为一行,一般来讲聚集后的行数是要少于聚集前的行数的。但是有时我们想要既显示聚集前的数据,又要显示聚集后的数据,这时我们便引入了窗口函数。窗口函数又叫 OLAP 函数/分析函数,窗口函数兼具分组和排序功能。
窗口函数最重要的关键字是 partition by 和 order by。
具体语法如下:over (partition by xxx order by xxx)
sum,avg,min,max 函数
准备数据
1建表语句:
2create table bigdata_t1(
3cookieid string,
4createtime string, --day
5pv int
6) row format delimited
7fields terminated by ',';
8
9加载数据:
10load data local inpath '/root/hivedata/bigdata_t1.dat' into table bigdata_t1;
11
12cookie1,2018-04-10,1
13cookie1,2018-04-11,5
14cookie1,2018-04-12,7
15cookie1,2018-04-13,3
16cookie1,2018-04-14,2
17cookie1,2018-04-15,4
18cookie1,2018-04-16,4
19
20开启智能本地模式
21SET hive.exec.mode.local.auto=true;
复制代码
SUM 函数和窗口函数的配合使用:结果和 ORDER BY 相关,默认为升序。
1#pv1
2select cookieid,createtime,pv,
3sum(pv) over(partition by cookieid order by createtime) as pv1
4from bigdata_t1;
5
6#pv2
7select cookieid,createtime,pv,
8sum(pv) over(partition by cookieid order by createtime rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as pv2
9from bigdata_t1;
10
11#pv3
12select cookieid,createtime,pv,
13sum(pv) over(partition by cookieid) as pv3
14from bigdata_t1;
15
16#pv4
17select cookieid,createtime,pv,
18sum(pv) over(partition by cookieid order by createtime rows between 3 preceding and current row) as pv4
19from bigdata_t1;
20
21#pv5
22select cookieid,createtime,pv,
23sum(pv) over(partition by cookieid order by createtime rows between 3 preceding and 1 following) as pv5
24from bigdata_t1;
25
26#pv6
27select cookieid,createtime,pv,
28sum(pv) over(partition by cookieid order by createtime rows between current row and unbounded following) as pv6
29from bigdata_t1;
30
31
32pv1: 分组内从起点到当前行的pv累积,如,11号的pv1=10号的pv+11号的pv, 12号=10号+11号+12号
33pv2: 同pv1
34pv3: 分组内(cookie1)所有的pv累加
35pv4: 分组内当前行+往前3行,如,11号=10号+11号, 12号=10号+11号+12号,
36 13号=10号+11号+12号+13号, 14号=11号+12号+13号+14号
37pv5: 分组内当前行+往前3行+往后1行,如,14号=11号+12号+13号+14号+15号=5+7+3+2+4=21
38pv6: 分组内当前行+往后所有行,如,13号=13号+14号+15号+16号=3+2+4+4=13,
39 14号=14号+15号+16号=2+4+4=10
复制代码
如果不指定 rows between,默认为从起点到当前行;
如果不指定 order by,则将分组内所有值累加;
关键是理解 rows between 含义,也叫做 window 子句:
preceding:往前
following:往后
current row:当前行
unbounded:起点
unbounded preceding 表示从前面的起点
unbounded following:表示到后面的终点
AVG,MIN,MAX,和 SUM 用法一样。
row_number,rank,dense_rank,ntile 函数
准备数据
1cookie1,2018-04-10,1
2cookie1,2018-04-11,5
3cookie1,2018-04-12,7
4cookie1,2018-04-13,3
5cookie1,2018-04-14,2
6cookie1,2018-04-15,4
7cookie1,2018-04-16,4
8cookie2,2018-04-10,2
9cookie2,2018-04-11,3
10cookie2,2018-04-12,5
11cookie2,2018-04-13,6
12cookie2,2018-04-14,3
13cookie2,2018-04-15,9
14cookie2,2018-04-16,7
15
16CREATE TABLE bigdata_t2 (
17cookieid string,
18createtime string, --day
19pv INT
20) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
21FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
22stored as textfile;
23
24加载数据:
25load data local inpath '/root/hivedata/bigdata_t2.dat' into table bigdata_t2;
复制代码
1SELECT
2cookieid,
3createtime,
4pv,
5ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv desc) AS rn
6FROM bigdata_t2;
复制代码
1SELECT
2cookieid,
3createtime,
4pv,
5RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv desc) AS rn1,
6DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv desc) AS rn2,
7ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv DESC) AS rn3
8FROM bigdata_t2
9WHERE cookieid = 'cookie1';
复制代码
NTILE
有时会有这样的需求:如果数据排序后分为三部分,业务人员只关心其中的一部分,如何将这中间的三分之一数据拿出来呢?NTILE 函数即可以满足。
ntile 可以看成是:把有序的数据集合平均分配到指定的数量(num)个桶中, 将桶号分配给每一行。如果不能平均分配,则优先分配较小编号的桶,并且各个桶中能放的行数最多相差 1。
然后可以根据桶号,选取前或后 n 分之几的数据。数据会完整展示出来,只是给相应的数据打标签;具体要取几分之几的数据,需要再嵌套一层根据标签取出。
1SELECT
2cookieid,
3createtime,
4pv,
5NTILE(2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn1,
6NTILE(3) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn2,
7NTILE(4) OVER(ORDER BY createtime) AS rn3
8FROM bigdata_t2
9ORDER BY cookieid,createtime;
复制代码
其他一些窗口函数
lag,lead,first_value,last_value 函数
1 SELECT cookieid,
2 createtime,
3 url,
4 ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
5 LAG(createtime,1,'1970-01-01 00:00:00') OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last_1_time,
6 LAG(createtime,2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last_2_time
7 FROM bigdata_t4;
8
9
10 last_1_time: 指定了往上第1行的值,default为'1970-01-01 00:00:00'
11 cookie1第一行,往上1行为NULL,因此取默认值 1970-01-01 00:00:00
12 cookie1第三行,往上1行值为第二行值,2015-04-10 10:00:02
13 cookie1第六行,往上1行值为第五行值,2015-04-10 10:50:01
14 last_2_time: 指定了往上第2行的值,为指定默认值
15 cookie1第一行,往上2行为NULL
16 cookie1第二行,往上2行为NULL
17 cookie1第四行,往上2行为第二行值,2015-04-10 10:00:02
18 cookie1第七行,往上2行为第五行值,2015-04-10 10:50:01
复制代码
1 SELECT cookieid,
2 createtime,
3 url,
4 ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
5 LEAD(createtime,1,'1970-01-01 00:00:00') OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS next_1_time,
6 LEAD(createtime,2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS next_2_time
7 FROM bigdata_t4;
复制代码
FIRST_VALUE
取分组内排序后,截止到当前行,第一个值
1 SELECT cookieid,
2 createtime,
3 url,
4 ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
5 FIRST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS first1
6 FROM bigdata_t4;
复制代码
LAST_VALUE
取分组内排序后,截止到当前行,最后一个值
1 SELECT cookieid,
2 createtime,
3 url,
4 ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
5 LAST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last1
6 FROM bigdata_t4;
复制代码
如果想要取分组内排序后最后一个值,则需要变通一下:
1 SELECT cookieid,
2 createtime,
3 url,
4 ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
5 LAST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last1,
6 FIRST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime DESC) AS last2
7 FROM bigdata_t4
8 ORDER BY cookieid,createtime;
复制代码
特别注意 order by
如果不指定 ORDER BY,则进行排序混乱,会出现错误的结果
1 SELECT cookieid,
2 createtime,
3 url,
4 FIRST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid) AS first2
5 FROM bigdata_t4;
复制代码
cume_dist,percent_rank 函数
这两个序列分析函数不是很常用,注意: 序列函数不支持 WINDOW 子句
1 d1,user1,1000
2 d1,user2,2000
3 d1,user3,3000
4 d2,user4,4000
5 d2,user5,5000
6
7 CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE bigdata_t3 (
8 dept STRING,
9 userid string,
10 sal INT
11 ) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
12 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
13 stored as textfile;
14
15 加载数据:
16 load data local inpath '/root/hivedata/bigdata_t3.dat' into table bigdata_t3;
复制代码
1 SELECT
2 dept,
3 userid,
4 sal,
5 CUME_DIST() OVER(ORDER BY sal) AS rn1,
6 CUME_DIST() OVER(PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY sal) AS rn2
7 FROM bigdata_t3;
8
9 rn1: 没有partition,所有数据均为1组,总行数为5,
10 第一行:小于等于1000的行数为1,因此,1/5=0.2
11 第三行:小于等于3000的行数为3,因此,3/5=0.6
12 rn2: 按照部门分组,dpet=d1的行数为3,
13 第二行:小于等于2000的行数为2,因此,2/3=0.6666666666666666
复制代码
1 SELECT
2 dept,
3 userid,
4 sal,
5 PERCENT_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY sal) AS rn1, --分组内
6 RANK() OVER(ORDER BY sal) AS rn11, --分组内RANK值
7 SUM(1) OVER(PARTITION BY NULL) AS rn12, --分组内总行数
8 PERCENT_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY sal) AS rn2
9 FROM bigdata_t3;
10
11 rn1: rn1 = (rn11-1) / (rn12-1)
12 第一行,(1-1)/(5-1)=0/4=0
13 第二行,(2-1)/(5-1)=1/4=0.25
14 第四行,(4-1)/(5-1)=3/4=0.75
15 rn2: 按照dept分组,
16 dept=d1的总行数为3
17 第一行,(1-1)/(3-1)=0
18 第三行,(3-1)/(3-1)=1
复制代码
grouping sets,grouping__id,cube,rollup 函数
这几个分析函数通常用于 OLAP 中,不能累加,而且需要根据不同维度上钻和下钻的指标统计,比如,分小时、天、月的 UV 数。
1 2018-03,2018-03-10,cookie1
2 2018-03,2018-03-10,cookie5
3 2018-03,2018-03-12,cookie7
4 2018-04,2018-04-12,cookie3
5 2018-04,2018-04-13,cookie2
6 2018-04,2018-04-13,cookie4
7 2018-04,2018-04-16,cookie4
8 2018-03,2018-03-10,cookie2
9 2018-03,2018-03-10,cookie3
10 2018-04,2018-04-12,cookie5
11 2018-04,2018-04-13,cookie6
12 2018-04,2018-04-15,cookie3
13 2018-04,2018-04-15,cookie2
14 2018-04,2018-04-16,cookie1
15
16 CREATE TABLE bigdata_t5 (
17 month STRING,
18 day STRING,
19 cookieid STRING
20 ) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
21 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
22 stored as textfile;
23
24 加载数据:
25 load data local inpath '/root/hivedata/bigdata_t5.dat' into table bigdata_t5;
复制代码
GROUPING SETS
grouping sets 是一种将多个 group by 逻辑写在一个 sql 语句中的便利写法。
等价于将不同维度的 GROUP BY 结果集进行 UNION ALL。
GROUPING__ID,表示结果属于哪一个分组集合。
1 SELECT
2 month,
3 day,
4 COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
5 GROUPING__ID
6 FROM bigdata_t5
7 GROUP BY month,day
8 GROUPING SETS (month,day)
9 ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
10
11 grouping_id表示这一组结果属于哪个分组集合,
12 根据grouping sets中的分组条件month,day,1是代表month,2是代表day
13
14 等价于
15 SELECT month,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,1 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY month UNION ALL
16 SELECT NULL as month,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,2 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY day;
复制代码
再如:
1 SELECT
2 month,
3 day,
4 COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
5 GROUPING__ID
6 FROM bigdata_t5
7 GROUP BY month,day
8 GROUPING SETS (month,day,(month,day))
9 ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
10
11 等价于
12 SELECT month,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,1 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY month
13 UNION ALL
14 SELECT NULL,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,2 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY day
15 UNION ALL
16 SELECT month,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,3 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY month,day;
复制代码
1 SELECT
2 month,
3 day,
4 COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
5 GROUPING__ID
6 FROM bigdata_t5
7 GROUP BY month,day
8 WITH CUBE
9 ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
10
11 等价于
12 SELECT NULL,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,0 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5
13 UNION ALL
14 SELECT month,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,1 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY month
15 UNION ALL
16 SELECT NULL,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,2 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY day
17 UNION ALL
18 SELECT month,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,3 AS GROUPING__ID FROM bigdata_t5 GROUP BY month,day;
复制代码
1 比如,以month维度进行层级聚合:
2 SELECT
3 month,
4 day,
5 COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
6 GROUPING__ID
7 FROM bigdata_t5
8 GROUP BY month,day
9 WITH ROLLUP
10 ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
11
12 --把month和day调换顺序,则以day维度进行层级聚合:
13
14 SELECT
15 day,
16 month,
17 COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
18 GROUPING__ID
19 FROM bigdata_t5
20 GROUP BY day,month
21 WITH ROLLUP
22 ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
23 (这里,根据天和月进行聚合,和根据天聚合结果一样,因为有父子关系,如果是其他维度组合的话,就会不一样)
复制代码
评论