作者:Sri Sakthivel
原文链接:https://www.percona.com/blog/enhanced-password-management-systems-in-mysql-8-part-1
MySQL 8.0 在密码管理方面有很多改善,本文将介绍以下两个特性。
| 1 密码重用策略
该策略简单说,就是设置新密码时,可以限制禁止使用曾经用过的密码。有以下两种策略:
1.1 历史密码
MySQL 官方手册描述:
If an account is restricted on the basis of number of password changes, a new password cannot be chosen from a specified number of the most recent passwords.
在实验环境中,创建用户并添加条件password history 2,历史密码中最近的两个不能被重新使用。
mysql> create user 'herc'@'localhost' identified by 'Percona@321' password history 2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select user, host, password_reuse_history from mysql.user where user='herc'\G*************************** 1. row *************************** user: herc host: localhostpassword_reuse_history: 21 row in set (0.00 sec)
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MySQL 将在 mysql.password_history 表上记录密码更改的信息。
mysql> select * from mysql.password_history;+-----------+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Host | User | Password_timestamp | Password |+-----------+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| localhost | herc | 2021-09-20 15:44:42.295778 | $A$005$=R:q'M(Kh#D];c~SdCLyluq2UVHFobjWOFTwn2JYVFDyI042sl56B7DCPSK5 |+-----------+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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接下来我们尝试更改用户 herc@localhost 的密码。
mysql> alter user 'herc'@'localhost' identified by 'MySQL@321';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from mysql.password_history\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Host: localhost User: hercPassword_timestamp: 2021-09-20 15:49:15.459018CGeRQT31UUwtw194KOKGdNbgj3558VUB.dxcoS8r4IKpG8*************************** 2. row *************************** Host: localhost User: hercPassword_timestamp: 2021-09-20 15:44:42.295778 Password: $A$005$=R:q'M(Kh#D];c~SdCLyluq2UVHFobjWOFTwn2JYVFDyI042sl56B7DCPSK52 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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更改成功后,查看 mysql.password_history 表,可见该表存有最近两个密码的信息。
再次更改该用户密码,且密码为创建用户时设置的密码值(Percona@321)。
mysql> alter user 'herc'@'localhost' identified by 'Percona@321';ERROR 3638 (HY000): Cannot use these credentials for 'herc@localhost' because they contradict the password history policy
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修改失败! 因为根据我们设置的限制策略,不能重用在 mysql.password_policy 表中被记录的最近的两个密码。因此,如果想再次重复使用第一个密码,就不能让该密码出现在 mysql.password_policy 表中。
再设置一个新密码后(第一个密码已经不是最近的两个密码了),再尝试用第一个密码值(Percona@321)进行修改,修改成功!
mysql> alter user 'herc'@'localhost' identified by 'Herc@321';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> alter user 'herc'@'localhost' identified by 'Percona@321';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
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也可以在启动时在全局配置 password_history。
#vi my.cnf[mysqld]password_history=6
#set globalmysql> set global password_history=5;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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1.2 间隔时间
MySQL 官方手册描述:
If an account is restricted based on time elapsed, a new password cannot be chosen from passwords in the history that are newer than a specified number of days.
测试前,创建了用户 sri@localhost,并设置用户密码可重用的时间间隔为五天。
mysql> create user 'sri'@'localhost' identified by 'Percona@321' password reuse interval 5 day;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select user, host, password_reuse_time from mysql.user where user='sri'\G*************************** 1. row *************************** user: sri host: localhostpassword_reuse_time: 51 row in set (0.00 sec)
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这意味着每个密码生效后,在五天内都不能再被重复设置。
mysql> select * from mysql.password_history where user='sri'\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Host: localhost User: sriPassword_timestamp: 2021-09-20 16:09:27.918585 Password: $A$005$+B e3!C9&8m eFRG~IqRWX4b6PtzLA8I4VsdYvWU3qRs/nip/QRhXXR5phT61 row in set (0.00 sec)
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执行 ALTER 来更改密码。
mysql> alter user 'sri'@'localhost' identified by 'Herc@321';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from mysql.password_history where user='sri'\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Host: localhost User: sriPassword_timestamp: 2021-09-20 16:17:51.840483 Password: $A$005$~k7qp8.OP=^#e79qwtiYd7/cmCFLvHM7MHFbvfX2WlhXqzjmrN03gGZ4*************************** 2. row *************************** Host: localhost User: sriPassword_timestamp: 2021-09-20 16:09:27.918585 Password: $A$005$+B e3!C9&8m eFRG~IqRWX4b6PtzLA8I4VsdYvWU3qRs/nip/QRhXXR5phT62 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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现在尝试再次设置为第一个密码。
mysql> alter user 'sri'@'localhost' identified by 'Percona@321';ERROR 3638 (HY000): Cannot use these credentials for 'sri@localhost' because they contradict the password history policy
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设置失败!
也可以在启动时在全局配置 password_reuse_interval。
#vi my.cnf[mysqld]password_reuse_interval=365
#set globalmysql> set global password_reuse_interval=365;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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| 2 随机密码
从 MySQL 8.0.18 开始,MySQL 能够为用户帐户创建随机密码。这意味着可以不必分配指定密码。它支持以下语句:
我们需要使用 RANDOM PASSWORD 以避免修改密码时屏幕上有明文显示。例如:
mysql> create user 'sakthi'@'localhost' identified by random password;+--------+-----------+----------------------+| user | host | generated password |+--------+-----------+----------------------+| sakthi | localhost | .vZYy+<<BO7l1;vtIufH |+--------+-----------+----------------------+1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> alter user 'sri'@'localhost' identified by random password;+------+-----------+----------------------+| user | host | generated password |+------+-----------+----------------------+| sri | localhost | 5wb>2[]q*jbDsFvlN-i_ |+------+-----------+----------------------+1 row in set (0.02 sec)
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密码哈希值将存储在 mysql.user 表中。
mysql> select user, authentication_string from mysql.user where user in ('sakthi','sri')\G*************************** 1. row *************************** user: sakthiauthentication_string: $A$005$L`PYcedj%3tz*J>ioBP1.Rsrj7H8wtelqijvV0CFnXVnWLNIc/RZL0C06l4oA*************************** 2. row *************************** user: sriauthentication_string: $A$005$/k?aO&ap.#b= ^zt[E|x9q3w9uHn1oEumXUgnqNMH8xWo4xd/s26hTPKs1AbC22 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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默认情况下,密码长度为 20 个字符。我们可以使用变量 generated_random_password_length 定义密码长度,允许的长度范围是 5 到 255。
mysql> select @@generated_random_password_length;+------------------------------------+| @@generated_random_password_length |+------------------------------------+| 20 |+------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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如果 validate_password 组件已经安装,对随机密码策略不会有影响。
还有一些特性,将在下一篇文章中介绍。
参考
MySQL 手册:
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