数据挖掘实践(金融风控):金融风控之贷款违约预测挑战赛(下篇)[xgboots/lightgbm/Catboost 等模型]--模型融合:stacking、blending
相关文章: 数据挖掘实践(金融风控):金融风控之贷款违约预测挑战赛(上篇)
数据挖掘机器学习专栏
4.建模与调参
项目链接以及码源见文末
4.1 模型对比与性能评估
4.1.1 逻辑回归
优点
训练速度较快,分类的时候,计算量仅仅只和特征的数目相关;
简单易理解,模型的可解释性非常好,从特征的权重可以看到不同的特征对最后结果的影响;
适合二分类问题,不需要缩放输入特征;
内存资源占用小,只需要存储各个维度的特征值;
缺点
逻辑回归需要预先处理缺失值和异常值【可参考 task3 特征工程】;
不能用 Logistic 回归去解决非线性问题,因为 Logistic 的决策面是线性的;
对多重共线性数据较为敏感,且很难处理数据不平衡的问题;
准确率并不是很高,因为形式非常简单,很难去拟合数据的真实分布;
4.1.2 决策树模型
4.1.3 集成模型集成方法(ensemble method)
通过组合多个学习器来完成学习任务,通过集成方法,可以将多个弱学习器组合成一个强分类器,因此集成学习的泛化能力一般比单一分类器要好。
集成方法主要包括 Bagging 和 Boosting,Bagging 和 Boosting 都是将已有的分类或回归算法通过一定方式组合起来,形成一个更加强大的分类。两种方法都是把若干个分类器整合为一个分类器的方法,只是整合的方式不一样,最终得到不一样的效果。常见的基于 Baggin 思想的集成模型有:随机森林、基于 Boosting 思想的集成模型有:Adaboost、GBDT、XgBoost、LightGBM 等。
Baggin 和 Boosting 的区别总结如下:
样本选择上: Bagging 方法的训练集是从原始集中有放回的选取,所以从原始集中选出的各轮训练集之间是独立的;而 Boosting 方法需要每一轮的训练集不变,只是训练集中每个样本在分类器中的权重发生变化。而权值是根据上一轮的分类结果进行调整
样例权重上: Bagging 方法使用均匀取样,所以每个样本的权重相等;而 Boosting 方法根据错误率不断调整样本的权值,错误率越大则权重越大
预测函数上: Bagging 方法中所有预测函数的权重相等;而 Boosting 方法中每个弱分类器都有相应的权重,对于分类误差小的分类器会有更大的权重
并行计算上: Bagging 方法中各个预测函数可以并行生成;而 Boosting 方法各个预测函数只能顺序生成,因为后一个模型参数需要前一轮模型的结果。
4.1.4 模型评估方法
对于模型来说,其在训练集上面的误差我们称之为训练误差或者经验误差,而在测试集上的误差称之为测试误差。
对于我们来说,我们更关心的是模型对于新样本的学习能力,即我们希望通过对已有样本的学习,尽可能的将所有潜在样本的普遍规律学到手,而如果模型对训练样本学的太好,则有可能把训练样本自身所具有的一些特点当做所有潜在样本的普遍特点,这时候我们就会出现过拟合的问题。
因此我们通常将已有的数据集划分为训练集和测试集两部分,其中训练集用来训练模型,而测试集则是用来评估模型对于新样本的判别能力。
对于数据集的划分,我们通常要保证满足以下两个条件:
对于数据集的划分有三种方法:留出法,交叉验证法和自助法,下面挨个介绍:
①留出法
留出法是直接将数据集 D 划分为两个互斥的集合,其中一个集合作为训练集 S,另一个作为测试集 T。需要注意的是在划分的时候要尽可能保证数据分布的一致性,即避免因数据划分过程引入额外的偏差而对最终结果产生影响。为了保证数据分布的一致性,通常我们采用分层采样的方式来对数据进行采样。
Tips: 通常,会将数据集 D 中大约 2/3~4/5 的样本作为训练集,其余的作为测试集。
②交叉验证法
k 折交叉验证通常将数据集 D 分为 k 份,其中 k-1 份作为训练集,剩余的一份作为测试集,这样就可以获得 k 组训练/测试集,可以进行 k 次训练与测试,最终返回的是 k 个测试结果的均值。交叉验证中数据集的划分依然是依据分层采样的方式来进行。
对于交叉验证法,其 k 值的选取往往决定了评估结果的稳定性和保真性,通常 k 值选取 10。
当 k=1 的时候,我们称之为留一法
③自助法
我们每次从数据集 D 中取一个样本作为训练集中的元素,然后把该样本放回,重复该行为 m 次,这样我们就可以得到大小为 m 的训练集,在这里面有的样本重复出现,有的样本则没有出现过,我们把那些没有出现过的样本作为测试集。
进行这样采样的原因是因为在 D 中约有 36.8%的数据没有在训练集中出现过。留出法与交叉验证法都是使用分层采样的方式进行数据采样与划分,而自助法则是使用有放回重复采样的方式进行数据采样
数据集划分总结
对于数据量充足的时候,通常采用留出法或者 k 折交叉验证法来进行训练/测试集的划分;
对于数据集小且难以有效划分训练/测试集时使用自助法;
对于数据集小且可有效划分的时候最好使用留一法来进行划分,因为这种方法最为准确
4.1.5 模型评价标准
对于本次比赛,我们选用 auc 作为模型评价标准,类似的评价标准还有 ks、f1-score 等,具体介绍与实现大家可以回顾下 task1 中的内容。
一起来看一下 auc 到底是什么?
在逻辑回归里面,对于正负例的界定,通常会设一个阈值,大于阈值的为正类,小于阈值为负类。如果我们减小这个阀值,更多的样本会被识别为正类,提高正类的识别率,但同时也会使得更多的负类被错误识别为正类。为了直观表示这一现象,引入 ROC。
根据分类结果计算得到 ROC 空间中相应的点,连接这些点就形成 ROC curve,横坐标为 False Positive Rate(FPR:假正率),纵坐标为 True Positive Rate(TPR:真正率)。 一般情况下,这个曲线都应该处于(0,0)和(1,1)连线的上方,如图:
ROC 曲线中的四个点:
点(0,1):即 FPR=0, TPR=1,意味着 FN=0 且 FP=0,将所有的样本都正确分类;
点(1,0):即 FPR=1,TPR=0,最差分类器,避开了所有正确答案;
点(0,0):即 FPR=TPR=0,FP=TP=0,分类器把每个实例都预测为负类;
点(1,1):分类器把每个实例都预测为正类
总之:ROC 曲线越接近左上角,该分类器的性能越好,其泛化性能就越好。而且一般来说,如果 ROC 是光滑的,那么基本可以判断没有太大的 overfitting。
但是对于两个模型,我们如何判断哪个模型的泛化性能更优呢?这里我们有主要以下两种方法:
如果模型 A 的 ROC 曲线完全包住了模型 B 的 ROC 曲线,那么我们就认为模型 A 要优于模型 B;
如果两条曲线有交叉的话,我们就通过比较 ROC 与 X,Y 轴所围得曲线的面积来判断,面积越大,模型的性能就越优,这个面积我们称之为 AUC(area under ROC curve)
4.2 代码实战
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import warnings
import os
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
"""
sns 相关设置
@return:
"""
# 声明使用 Seaborn 样式
sns.set()
# 有五种seaborn的绘图风格,它们分别是:darkgrid, whitegrid, dark, white, ticks。默认的主题是darkgrid。
sns.set_style("whitegrid")
# 有四个预置的环境,按大小从小到大排列分别为:paper, notebook, talk, poster。其中,notebook是默认的。
sns.set_context('talk')
# 中文字体设置-黑体
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
# 解决保存图像是负号'-'显示为方块的问题
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
# 解决Seaborn中文显示问题并调整字体大小
sns.set(font='SimHei')
复制代码
reduce_mem_usage 函数通过调整数据类型,帮助我们减少数据在内存中占用的空间
def reduce_mem_usage(df):
start_mem = df.memory_usage().sum()
print('Memory usage of dataframe is {:.2f} MB'.format(start_mem))
for col in df.columns:
col_type = df[col].dtype
if col_type != object:
c_min = df[col].min()
c_max = df[col].max()
if str(col_type)[:3] == 'int':
if c_min > np.iinfo(np.int8).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int8).max:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int8)
elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int16).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int16).max:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int16)
elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int32).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int32).max:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int32)
elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int64).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int64).max:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int64)
else:
if c_min > np.finfo(np.float16).min and c_max < np.finfo(np.float16).max:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float16)
elif c_min > np.finfo(np.float32).min and c_max < np.finfo(np.float32).max:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float32)
else:
df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float64)
else:
df[col] = df[col].astype('category')
end_mem = df.memory_usage().sum()
print('Memory usage after optimization is: {:.2f} MB'.format(end_mem))
print('Decreased by {:.1f}%'.format(100 * (start_mem - end_mem) / start_mem))
return df
复制代码
# 读取数据
data = pd.read_csv('dataset/data_for_model.csv')
data = reduce_mem_usage(data)
复制代码
Memory usage of dataframe is 928000128.00 MB
Memory usage after optimization is: 165006456.00 MB
Decreased by 82.2%
复制代码
4.2.1 简单建模
Tips1:金融风控的实际项目多涉及到信用评分,因此需要模型特征具有较好的可解释性,所以目前在实际项目中多还是以逻辑回归作为基础模型。但是在比赛中以得分高低为准,不需要严谨的可解释性,所以大多基于集成算法进行建模。
Tips2:因为逻辑回归的算法特性,需要提前对异常值、缺失值数据进行处理【参考 task3 部分】
Tips3:基于树模型的算法特性,异常值、缺失值处理可以跳过,但是对于业务较为了解的同学也可以自己对缺失异常值进行处理,效果可能会更优于模型处理的结果。
注:以下建模的源数据参考 baseline 进行了相应的特征工程,对于异常缺失值未进行相应的处理操作。
建模之前的预操作
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
# 分离数据集,方便进行交叉验证
X_train = data.loc[data['sample']=='train', :].drop(['id','issueDate','isDefault', 'sample'], axis=1)
X_test = data.loc[data['sample']=='test', :].drop(['id','issueDate','isDefault', 'sample'], axis=1)
y_train = data.loc[data['sample']=='train', 'isDefault']
# 5折交叉验证
folds = 5
seed = 2020
kf = KFold(n_splits=folds, shuffle=True, random_state=seed)
复制代码
使用 Lightgbm 进行建模
"""对训练集数据进行划分,分成训练集和验证集,并进行相应的操作"""
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import lightgbm as lgb
# 数据集划分
X_train_split, X_val, y_train_split, y_val = train_test_split(X_train, y_train, test_size=0.2)
train_matrix = lgb.Dataset(X_train_split, label=y_train_split)
valid_matrix = lgb.Dataset(X_val, label=y_val)
params = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'objective': 'binary',
'learning_rate': 0.1,
'metric': 'auc',
'min_child_weight': 1e-3,
'num_leaves': 31,
'max_depth': -1,
'reg_lambda': 0,
'reg_alpha': 0,
'feature_fraction': 1,
'bagging_fraction': 1,
'bagging_freq': 0,
'seed': 2020,
'nthread': 8,
'silent': True,
'verbose': -1,
}
"""使用训练集数据进行模型训练"""
model = lgb.train(params, train_set=train_matrix, valid_sets=valid_matrix, num_boost_round=20000, verbose_eval=1000, early_stopping_rounds=200)
复制代码
Training until validation scores don't improve for 200 rounds
Early stopping, best iteration is:
[427] valid_0's auc: 0.724947
复制代码
对验证集进行预测
from sklearn import metrics
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
"""预测并计算roc的相关指标"""
val_pre_lgb = model.predict(X_val, num_iteration=model.best_iteration)
fpr, tpr, threshold = metrics.roc_curve(y_val, val_pre_lgb)
roc_auc = metrics.auc(fpr, tpr)
print('未调参前lightgbm单模型在验证集上的AUC:{}'.format(roc_auc))
"""画出roc曲线图"""
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
plt.title('Validation ROC')
plt.plot(fpr, tpr, 'b', label = 'Val AUC = %0.4f' % roc_auc)
plt.ylim(0,1)
plt.xlim(0,1)
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.title('ROC')
plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
# 画出对角线
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1],'r--')
plt.show()
复制代码
未调参前lightgbm单模型在验证集上的AUC:0.7249469360631181
复制代码
更进一步的,使用 5 折交叉验证进行模型性能评估
import lightgbm as lgb
"""使用lightgbm 5折交叉验证进行建模预测"""
cv_scores = []
for i, (train_index, valid_index) in enumerate(kf.split(X_train, y_train)):
print('************************************ {} ************************************'.format(str(i+1)))
X_train_split, y_train_split, X_val, y_val = X_train.iloc[train_index], y_train[train_index], X_train.iloc[valid_index], y_train[valid_index]
train_matrix = lgb.Dataset(X_train_split, label=y_train_split)
valid_matrix = lgb.Dataset(X_val, label=y_val)
params = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'objective': 'binary',
'learning_rate': 0.1,
'metric': 'auc',
'min_child_weight': 1e-3,
'num_leaves': 31,
'max_depth': -1,
'reg_lambda': 0,
'reg_alpha': 0,
'feature_fraction': 1,
'bagging_fraction': 1,
'bagging_freq': 0,
'seed': 2020,
'nthread': 8,
'silent': True,
'verbose': -1,
}
model = lgb.train(params, train_set=train_matrix, num_boost_round=20000, valid_sets=valid_matrix, verbose_eval=1000, early_stopping_rounds=200)
val_pred = model.predict(X_val, num_iteration=model.best_iteration)
cv_scores.append(roc_auc_score(y_val, val_pred))
print(cv_scores)
print("lgb_scotrainre_list:{}".format(cv_scores))
print("lgb_score_mean:{}".format(np.mean(cv_scores)))
print("lgb_score_std:{}".format(np.std(cv_scores)))
复制代码
...
lgb_scotrainre_list:[0.7303837315833632, 0.7258692125145638, 0.7305149209921737, 0.7296117869375041, 0.7294438695369077]
lgb_score_mean:0.7291647043129024
lgb_score_std:0.0016998349834934656
复制代码
4.2.2 模型调参(贪心、网格搜索、贝叶斯)
贪心调参
先使用当前对模型影响最大的参数进行调优,达到当前参数下的模型最优化,再使用对模型影响次之的参数进行调优,如此下去,直到所有的参数调整完毕。
这个方法的缺点就是可能会调到局部最优而不是全局最优,但是只需要一步一步的进行参数最优化调试即可,容易理解。
需要注意的是在树模型中参数调整的顺序,也就是各个参数对模型的影响程度,这里列举一下日常调参过程中常用的参数和调参顺序:
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
# 调objective
best_obj = dict()
for obj in objective:
model = LGBMRegressor(objective=obj)
"""预测并计算roc的相关指标"""
score = cross_val_score(model, X_train, y_train, cv=5, scoring='roc_auc').mean()
best_obj[obj] = score
# num_leaves
best_leaves = dict()
for leaves in num_leaves:
model = LGBMRegressor(objective=min(best_obj.items(), key=lambda x:x[1])[0], num_leaves=leaves)
"""预测并计算roc的相关指标"""
score = cross_val_score(model, X_train, y_train, cv=5, scoring='roc_auc').mean()
best_leaves[leaves] = score
# max_depth
best_depth = dict()
for depth in max_depth:
model = LGBMRegressor(objective=min(best_obj.items(), key=lambda x:x[1])[0],
num_leaves=min(best_leaves.items(), key=lambda x:x[1])[0],
max_depth=depth)
"""预测并计算roc的相关指标"""
score = cross_val_score(model, X_train, y_train, cv=5, scoring='roc_auc').mean()
best_depth[depth] = score
"""
可依次将模型的参数通过上面的方式进行调整优化,并且通过可视化观察在每一个最优参数下模型的得分情况
"""
复制代码
可依次将模型的参数通过上面的方式进行调整优化,并且通过可视化观察在每一个最优参数下模型的得分情况
网格搜索
sklearn 提供 GridSearchCV 用于进行网格搜索,只需要把模型的参数输进去,就能给出最优化的结果和参数。相比起贪心调参,网格搜索的结果会更优,但是网格搜索只适合于小数据集,一旦数据的量级上去了,很难得出结果。
同样以 Lightgbm 算法为例,进行网格搜索调参:
"""通过网格搜索确定最优参数"""
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
def get_best_cv_params(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=581, num_leaves=31, max_depth=-1, bagging_fraction=1.0,
feature_fraction=1.0, bagging_freq=0, min_data_in_leaf=20, min_child_weight=0.001,
min_split_gain=0, reg_lambda=0, reg_alpha=0, param_grid=None):
# 设置5折交叉验证
cv_fold = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, random_state=0, shuffle=True, )
model_lgb = lgb.LGBMClassifier(learning_rate=learning_rate,
n_estimators=n_estimators,
num_leaves=num_leaves,
max_depth=max_depth,
bagging_fraction=bagging_fraction,
feature_fraction=feature_fraction,
bagging_freq=bagging_freq,
min_data_in_leaf=min_data_in_leaf,
min_child_weight=min_child_weight,
min_split_gain=min_split_gain,
reg_lambda=reg_lambda,
reg_alpha=reg_alpha,
n_jobs= 8
)
grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=model_lgb,
cv=cv_fold,
param_grid=param_grid,
scoring='roc_auc'
)
grid_search.fit(X_train, y_train)
print('模型当前最优参数为:{}'.format(grid_search.best_params_))
print('模型当前最优得分为:{}'.format(grid_search.best_score_))
复制代码
"""以下代码未运行,耗时较长,请谨慎运行,且每一步的最优参数需要在下一步进行手动更新,请注意"""
"""
需要注意一下的是,除了获取上面的获取num_boost_round时候用的是原生的lightgbm(因为要用自带的cv)
下面配合GridSearchCV时必须使用sklearn接口的lightgbm。
"""
"""设置n_estimators 为581,调整num_leaves和max_depth,这里选择先粗调再细调"""
lgb_params = {'num_leaves': range(10, 80, 5), 'max_depth': range(3,10,2)}
get_best_cv_params(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=581, num_leaves=None, max_depth=None, min_data_in_leaf=20,
min_child_weight=0.001,bagging_fraction=1.0, feature_fraction=1.0, bagging_freq=0,
min_split_gain=0, reg_lambda=0, reg_alpha=0, param_grid=lgb_params)
"""num_leaves为30,max_depth为7,进一步细调num_leaves和max_depth"""
lgb_params = {'num_leaves': range(25, 35, 1), 'max_depth': range(5,9,1)}
get_best_cv_params(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=85, num_leaves=None, max_depth=None, min_data_in_leaf=20,
min_child_weight=0.001,bagging_fraction=1.0, feature_fraction=1.0, bagging_freq=0,
min_split_gain=0, reg_lambda=0, reg_alpha=0, param_grid=lgb_params)
"""
确定min_data_in_leaf为45,min_child_weight为0.001 ,下面进行bagging_fraction、feature_fraction和bagging_freq的调参
"""
lgb_params = {'bagging_fraction': [i/10 for i in range(5,10,1)],
'feature_fraction': [i/10 for i in range(5,10,1)],
'bagging_freq': range(0,81,10)
}
get_best_cv_params(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=85, num_leaves=29, max_depth=7, min_data_in_leaf=45,
min_child_weight=0.001,bagging_fraction=None, feature_fraction=None, bagging_freq=None,
min_split_gain=0, reg_lambda=0, reg_alpha=0, param_grid=lgb_params)
"""
确定bagging_fraction为0.4、feature_fraction为0.6、bagging_freq为 ,下面进行reg_lambda、reg_alpha的调参
"""
lgb_params = {'reg_lambda': [0,0.001,0.01,0.03,0.08,0.3,0.5], 'reg_alpha': [0,0.001,0.01,0.03,0.08,0.3,0.5]}
get_best_cv_params(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=85, num_leaves=29, max_depth=7, min_data_in_leaf=45,
min_child_weight=0.001,bagging_fraction=0.9, feature_fraction=0.9, bagging_freq=40,
min_split_gain=0, reg_lambda=None, reg_alpha=None, param_grid=lgb_params)
"""
确定reg_lambda、reg_alpha都为0,下面进行min_split_gain的调参
"""
lgb_params = {'min_split_gain': [i/10 for i in range(0,11,1)]}
get_best_cv_params(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=85, num_leaves=29, max_depth=7, min_data_in_leaf=45,
min_child_weight=0.001,bagging_fraction=0.9, feature_fraction=0.9, bagging_freq=40,
min_split_gain=None, reg_lambda=0, reg_alpha=0, param_grid=lgb_params)
复制代码
"""
参数确定好了以后,我们设置一个比较小的learning_rate 0.005,来确定最终的num_boost_round
"""
# 设置5折交叉验证
# cv_fold = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, random_state=0, shuffle=True, )
final_params = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'learning_rate': 0.01,
'num_leaves': 29,
'max_depth': 7,
'min_data_in_leaf':45,
'min_child_weight':0.001,
'bagging_fraction': 0.9,
'feature_fraction': 0.9,
'bagging_freq': 40,
'min_split_gain': 0,
'reg_lambda':0,
'reg_alpha':0,
'nthread': 6
}
cv_result = lgb.cv(train_set=lgb_train,
early_stopping_rounds=20,
num_boost_round=5000,
nfold=5,
stratified=True,
shuffle=True,
params=final_params,
metrics='auc',
seed=0,
)
print('迭代次数{}'.format(len(cv_result['auc-mean'])))
print('交叉验证的AUC为{}'.format(max(cv_result['auc-mean'])))
复制代码
在实际调整过程中,可先设置一个较大的学习率(上面的例子中 0.1),通过 Lgb 原生的 cv 函数进行树个数的确定,之后再通过上面的实例代码进行参数的调整优化。
最后针对最优的参数设置一个较小的学习率(例如 0.05),同样通过 cv 函数确定树的个数,确定最终的参数。
需要注意的是,针对大数据集,上面每一层参数的调整都需要耗费较长时间,
贝叶斯调参
在使用之前需要先安装包 bayesian-optimization,运行如下命令即可:
pip install bayesian-optimization
复制代码
贝叶斯调参的主要思想是:给定优化的目标函数(广义的函数,只需指定输入和输出即可,无需知道内部结构以及数学性质),通过不断地添加样本点来更新目标函数的后验分布(高斯过程,直到后验分布基本贴合于真实分布)。简单的说,就是考虑了上一次参数的信息,从而更好的调整当前的参数。
贝叶斯调参的步骤如下:
定义优化函数(rf_cv)
建立模型
定义待优化的参数
得到优化结果,并返回要优化的分数指标
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
"""定义优化函数"""
def rf_cv_lgb(num_leaves, max_depth, bagging_fraction, feature_fraction, bagging_freq, min_data_in_leaf,
min_child_weight, min_split_gain, reg_lambda, reg_alpha):
# 建立模型
model_lgb = lgb.LGBMClassifier(boosting_type='gbdt', bjective='binary', metric='auc',
learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=5000,
num_leaves=int(num_leaves), max_depth=int(max_depth),
bagging_fraction=round(bagging_fraction, 2), feature_fraction=round(feature_fraction, 2),
bagging_freq=int(bagging_freq), min_data_in_leaf=int(min_data_in_leaf),
min_child_weight=min_child_weight, min_split_gain=min_split_gain,
reg_lambda=reg_lambda, reg_alpha=reg_alpha,
n_jobs= 8
)
val = cross_val_score(model_lgb, X_train_split, y_train_split, cv=5, scoring='roc_auc').mean()
return val
复制代码
from bayes_opt import BayesianOptimization
"""定义优化参数"""
bayes_lgb = BayesianOptimization(
rf_cv_lgb,
{
'num_leaves':(10, 200),
'max_depth':(3, 20),
'bagging_fraction':(0.5, 1.0),
'feature_fraction':(0.5, 1.0),
'bagging_freq':(0, 100),
'min_data_in_leaf':(10,100),
'min_child_weight':(0, 10),
'min_split_gain':(0.0, 1.0),
'reg_alpha':(0.0, 10),
'reg_lambda':(0.0, 10),
}
)
"""开始优化"""
bayes_lgb.maximize(n_iter=10)
复制代码
| iter | target | baggin... | baggin... | featur... | max_depth | min_ch... | min_da... | min_sp... | num_le... | reg_alpha | reg_la... |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| [0m 1 [0m | [0m 0.7263 [0m | [0m 0.7196 [0m | [0m 80.73 [0m | [0m 0.7988 [0m | [0m 19.17 [0m | [0m 5.751 [0m | [0m 40.71 [0m | [0m 0.9548 [0m | [0m 176.2 [0m | [0m 2.939 [0m | [0m 7.212 [0m |
| [95m 2 [0m | [95m 0.7279 [0m | [95m 0.8997 [0m | [95m 74.72 [0m | [95m 0.5904 [0m | [95m 7.259 [0m | [95m 6.175 [0m | [95m 92.03 [0m | [95m 0.4027 [0m | [95m 51.65 [0m | [95m 6.404 [0m | [95m 4.781 [0m |
| [0m 3 [0m | [0m 0.7207 [0m | [0m 0.5133 [0m | [0m 16.53 [0m | [0m 0.9536 [0m | [0m 4.974 [0m | [0m 2.37 [0m | [0m 98.08 [0m | [0m 0.7909 [0m | [0m 52.12 [0m | [0m 4.443 [0m | [0m 4.429 [0m |
| [0m 4 [0m | [0m 0.7276 [0m | [0m 0.6265 [0m | [0m 53.12 [0m | [0m 0.7307 [0m | [0m 10.67 [0m | [0m 1.824 [0m | [0m 18.98 [0m | [0m 0.954 [0m | [0m 60.47 [0m | [0m 6.963 [0m | [0m 1.999 [0m |
| [0m 5 [0m | [0m 0.6963 [0m | [0m 0.6509 [0m | [0m 11.58 [0m | [0m 0.5386 [0m | [0m 11.21 [0m | [0m 7.85 [0m | [0m 11.4 [0m | [0m 0.4269 [0m | [0m 153.0 [0m | [0m 0.5227 [0m | [0m 2.257 [0m |
| [0m 6 [0m | [0m 0.7276 [0m | [0m 0.6241 [0m | [0m 49.76 [0m | [0m 0.6057 [0m | [0m 10.34 [0m | [0m 1.718 [0m | [0m 22.43 [0m | [0m 0.8294 [0m | [0m 55.68 [0m | [0m 6.759 [0m | [0m 2.6 [0m |
| [95m 7 [0m | [95m 0.7283 [0m | [95m 0.9815 [0m | [95m 96.15 [0m | [95m 0.6961 [0m | [95m 19.45 [0m | [95m 1.627 [0m | [95m 37.7 [0m | [95m 0.4185 [0m | [95m 14.22 [0m | [95m 7.057 [0m | [95m 9.924 [0m |
| [0m 8 [0m | [0m 0.7278 [0m | [0m 0.7139 [0m | [0m 96.83 [0m | [0m 0.5063 [0m | [0m 3.941 [0m | [0m 1.469 [0m | [0m 97.28 [0m | [0m 0.07553 [0m | [0m 196.9 [0m | [0m 7.988 [0m | [0m 2.159 [0m |
| [0m 9 [0m | [0m 0.7195 [0m | [0m 0.5352 [0m | [0m 98.72 [0m | [0m 0.9699 [0m | [0m 4.445 [0m | [0m 1.767 [0m | [0m 13.91 [0m | [0m 0.1647 [0m | [0m 191.5 [0m | [0m 4.003 [0m | [0m 2.027 [0m |
| [0m 10 [0m | [0m 0.7281 [0m | [0m 0.7281 [0m | [0m 73.63 [0m | [0m 0.5598 [0m | [0m 19.29 [0m | [0m 0.5344 [0m | [0m 99.66 [0m | [0m 0.933 [0m | [0m 101.4 [0m | [0m 8.836 [0m | [0m 0.9222 [0m |
| [0m 11 [0m | [0m 0.7279 [0m | [0m 0.8213 [0m | [0m 0.05856 [0m | [0m 0.7626 [0m | [0m 17.49 [0m | [0m 8.447 [0m | [0m 10.71 [0m | [0m 0.3252 [0m | [0m 13.64 [0m | [0m 9.319 [0m | [0m 0.4747 [0m |
| [0m 12 [0m | [0m 0.7281 [0m | [0m 0.8372 [0m | [0m 95.71 [0m | [0m 0.9598 [0m | [0m 10.32 [0m | [0m 8.394 [0m | [0m 15.23 [0m | [0m 0.4909 [0m | [0m 94.48 [0m | [0m 9.486 [0m | [0m 9.044 [0m |
| [0m 13 [0m | [0m 0.6993 [0m | [0m 0.5183 [0m | [0m 99.02 [0m | [0m 0.542 [0m | [0m 15.5 [0m | [0m 8.35 [0m | [0m 38.15 [0m | [0m 0.4079 [0m | [0m 58.01 [0m | [0m 0.2668 [0m | [0m 1.652 [0m |
| [0m 14 [0m | [0m 0.7267 [0m | [0m 0.7933 [0m | [0m 4.459 [0m | [0m 0.79 [0m | [0m 7.557 [0m | [0m 2.43 [0m | [0m 27.91 [0m | [0m 0.8725 [0m | [0m 28.32 [0m | [0m 9.967 [0m | [0m 9.885 [0m |
| [0m 15 [0m | [0m 0.6979 [0m | [0m 0.9419 [0m | [0m 1.22 [0m | [0m 0.835 [0m | [0m 11.56 [0m | [0m 9.962 [0m | [0m 93.79 [0m | [0m 0.018 [0m | [0m 197.6 [0m | [0m 9.711 [0m | [0m 3.78 [0m |
=================================================================================================================================================
复制代码
"""显示优化结果"""
bayes_lgb.max
复制代码
{'target': 0.7282530196283977,
'params': {'bagging_fraction': 0.9815471914843896,
'bagging_freq': 96.14757648686668,
'feature_fraction': 0.6961281791730929,
'max_depth': 19.45450235568963,
'min_child_weight': 1.6266132496156782,
'min_data_in_leaf': 37.697878831472295,
'min_split_gain': 0.4184947943942168,
'num_leaves': 14.221122487200399,
'reg_alpha': 7.056502173310882,
'reg_lambda': 9.924023764203156}}
复制代码
参数优化完成后,我们可以根据优化后的参数建立新的模型,降低学习率并寻找最优模型迭代次数
"""调整一个较小的学习率,并通过cv函数确定当前最优的迭代次数"""
base_params_lgb = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'objective': 'binary',
'metric': 'auc',
'learning_rate': 0.01,
'num_leaves': 14,
'max_depth': 19,
'min_data_in_leaf': 37,
'min_child_weight':1.6,
'bagging_fraction': 0.98,
'feature_fraction': 0.69,
'bagging_freq': 96,
'reg_lambda': 9,
'reg_alpha': 7,
'min_split_gain': 0.4,
'nthread': 8,
'seed': 2020,
'silent': True,
'verbose': -1,
}
cv_result_lgb = lgb.cv(
train_set=train_matrix,
early_stopping_rounds=1000,
num_boost_round=20000,
nfold=5,
stratified=True,
shuffle=True,
params=base_params_lgb,
metrics='auc',
seed=0
)
print('迭代次数{}'.format(len(cv_result_lgb['auc-mean'])))
print('最终模型的AUC为{}'.format(max(cv_result_lgb['auc-mean'])))
复制代码
迭代次数14269
最终模型的AUC为0.7315032037635779
复制代码
模型参数已经确定,建立最终模型并对验证集进行验证
import lightgbm as lgb
"""使用lightgbm 5折交叉验证进行建模预测"""
cv_scores = []
for i, (train_index, valid_index) in enumerate(kf.split(X_train, y_train)):
print('************************************ {} ************************************'.format(str(i+1)))
X_train_split, y_train_split, X_val, y_val = X_train.iloc[train_index], y_train[train_index], X_train.iloc[valid_index], y_train[valid_index]
train_matrix = lgb.Dataset(X_train_split, label=y_train_split)
valid_matrix = lgb.Dataset(X_val, label=y_val)
params = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'objective': 'binary',
'metric': 'auc',
'learning_rate': 0.01,
'num_leaves': 14,
'max_depth': 19,
'min_data_in_leaf': 37,
'min_child_weight':1.6,
'bagging_fraction': 0.98,
'feature_fraction': 0.69,
'bagging_freq': 96,
'reg_lambda': 9,
'reg_alpha': 7,
'min_split_gain': 0.4,
'nthread': 8,
'seed': 2020,
'silent': True,
}
model = lgb.train(params, train_set=train_matrix, num_boost_round=14269, valid_sets=valid_matrix, verbose_eval=1000, early_stopping_rounds=200)
val_pred = model.predict(X_val, num_iteration=model.best_iteration)
cv_scores.append(roc_auc_score(y_val, val_pred))
print(cv_scores)
print("lgb_scotrainre_list:{}".format(cv_scores))
print("lgb_score_mean:{}".format(np.mean(cv_scores)))
print("lgb_score_std:{}".format(np.std(cv_scores)))
复制代码
...
lgb_scotrainre_list:[0.7329726464187137, 0.7294292852806246, 0.7341505801564857, 0.7328331383185244, 0.7317405262608612]
lgb_score_mean:0.732225235287042
lgb_score_std:0.0015929470575114753
复制代码
通过 5 折交叉验证可以发现,模型迭代次数在 13000 次的时候会停之,那么我们在建立新模型时直接设置最大迭代次数,并使用验证集进行模型预测
""""""
base_params_lgb = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'objective': 'binary',
'metric': 'auc',
'learning_rate': 0.01,
'num_leaves': 14,
'max_depth': 19,
'min_data_in_leaf': 37,
'min_child_weight':1.6,
'bagging_fraction': 0.98,
'feature_fraction': 0.69,
'bagging_freq': 96,
'reg_lambda': 9,
'reg_alpha': 7,
'min_split_gain': 0.4,
'nthread': 8,
'seed': 2020,
'silent': True,
}
"""使用训练集数据进行模型训练"""
final_model_lgb = lgb.train(base_params_lgb, train_set=train_matrix, valid_sets=valid_matrix, num_boost_round=13000, verbose_eval=1000, early_stopping_rounds=200)
"""预测并计算roc的相关指标"""
val_pre_lgb = final_model_lgb.predict(X_val)
fpr, tpr, threshold = metrics.roc_curve(y_val, val_pre_lgb)
roc_auc = metrics.auc(fpr, tpr)
print('调参后lightgbm单模型在验证集上的AUC:{}'.format(roc_auc))
"""画出roc曲线图"""
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
plt.title('Validation ROC')
plt.plot(fpr, tpr, 'b', label = 'Val AUC = %0.4f' % roc_auc)
plt.ylim(0,1)
plt.xlim(0,1)
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.title('ROC')
plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
# 画出对角线
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1],'r--')
plt.show()
复制代码
Training until validation scores don't improve for 200 rounds
[1000] valid_0's auc: 0.723676
[2000] valid_0's auc: 0.727282
[3000] valid_0's auc: 0.728593
[4000] valid_0's auc: 0.729493
[5000] valid_0's auc: 0.730087
[6000] valid_0's auc: 0.730515
[7000] valid_0's auc: 0.730872
[8000] valid_0's auc: 0.731121
[9000] valid_0's auc: 0.731351
[10000] valid_0's auc: 0.731502
[11000] valid_0's auc: 0.731707
Early stopping, best iteration is:
[11192] valid_0's auc: 0.731741
调参后lightgbm单模型在验证集上的AUC:0.7317405262608612
复制代码
可以看到相比最早的原始参数,模型的性能还是有提升的
"""保存模型到本地"""
# 保存模型
import pickle
pickle.dump(final_model_lgb, open('dataset/model_lgb_best.pkl', 'wb'))
复制代码
4.3 模型调参小总结**
4.4 模型相关原理介绍
由于相关算法原理篇幅较长,本文推荐了一些博客与教材供初学者们进行学习。
4.4.1 逻辑回归模型
https://blog.csdn.net/han_xiaoyang/article/details/49123419
4.4.2 决策树模型
https://blog.csdn.net/c406495762/article/details/76262487
4.4.3 GBDT 模型
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/45145899
4.4.4 XGBoost 模型
https://blog.csdn.net/wuzhongqiang/article/details/104854890
4.4.5 LightGBM 模型
https://blog.csdn.net/wuzhongqiang/article/details/105350579
4.4.6 Catboost 模型
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/xloTLr5NJBgBspMQtxPoFA
4.4.7 时间序列模型(选学)
RNN:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/45289691
LSTM:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/83496936
5.模型融合
5.1 stacking\blending 详解
Blending 与 stacking 的不同
stacking
stacking 中由于两层使用的数据不同,所以可以避免信息泄露的问题。
在组队竞赛的过程中,不需要给队友分享自己的随机种子。
Blending
由于 blending 对将数据划分为两个部分,在最后预测时有部分数据信息将被忽略。
同时在使用第二层数据时可能会因为第二层数据较少产生过拟合现象。
参考资料:还是没有理解透彻吗?可以查看参考资料进一步了解哦!https://blog.csdn.net/wuzhongqiang/article/details/105012739
5.1.1 平均:
pre = (pre1 + pre2 + pre3 +...+pren )/n
复制代码
pre = 0.3pre1 + 0.3pre2 + 0.4pre3
复制代码
5.1.2 投票
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier, VotingClassifier
clf1 = LogisticRegression(random_state=1)
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1)
clf3 = XGBClassifier(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=150, max_depth=4, min_child_weight=2, subsample=0.7,objective='binary:logistic')
vclf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[('lr', clf1), ('rf', clf2), ('xgb', clf3)])
vclf = vclf .fit(x_train,y_train)
print(vclf .predict(x_test))
复制代码
- 加权投票
在VotingClassifier中加入参数 voting='soft', weights=[2, 1, 1],weights用于调节基模型的权重
复制代码
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier, VotingClassifier
clf1 = LogisticRegression(random_state=1)
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1)
clf3 = XGBClassifier(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=150, max_depth=4, min_child_weight=2, subsample=0.7,objective='binary:logistic')
vclf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[('lr', clf1), ('rf', clf2), ('xgb', clf3)], voting='soft', weights=[2, 1, 1])
vclf = vclf .fit(x_train,y_train)
print(vclf .predict(x_test))
复制代码
5.1.3 Stacking:
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
import itertools
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from mlxtend.classifier import StackingClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, train_test_split
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_learning_curves
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_decision_regions
# 以python自带的鸢尾花数据集为例
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X, y = iris.data[:, 1:3], iris.target
clf1 = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=1)
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1)
clf3 = GaussianNB()
lr = LogisticRegression()
sclf = StackingClassifier(classifiers=[clf1, clf2, clf3],
meta_classifier=lr)
label = ['KNN', 'Random Forest', 'Naive Bayes', 'Stacking Classifier']
clf_list = [clf1, clf2, clf3, sclf]
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(2, 2)
grid = itertools.product([0,1],repeat=2)
clf_cv_mean = []
clf_cv_std = []
for clf, label, grd in zip(clf_list, label, grid):
scores = cross_val_score(clf, X, y, cv=5, scoring='accuracy')
print("Accuracy: %.2f (+/- %.2f) [%s]" %(scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))
clf_cv_mean.append(scores.mean())
clf_cv_std.append(scores.std())
clf.fit(X, y)
ax = plt.subplot(gs[grd[0], grd[1]])
fig = plot_decision_regions(X=X, y=y, clf=clf)
plt.title(label)
plt.show()
复制代码
Accuracy: 0.91 (+/- 0.07) [KNN]
Accuracy: 0.94 (+/- 0.04) [Random Forest]
Accuracy: 0.91 (+/- 0.04) [Naive Bayes]
Accuracy: 0.94 (+/- 0.04) [Stacking Classifier]
复制代码
5.1.2 blending
# 以python自带的鸢尾花数据集为例
data_0 = iris.data
data = data_0[:100,:]
target_0 = iris.target
target = target_0[:100]
#模型融合中基学习器
clfs = [LogisticRegression(),
RandomForestClassifier(),
ExtraTreesClassifier(),
GradientBoostingClassifier()]
#切分一部分数据作为测试集
X, X_predict, y, y_predict = train_test_split(data, target, test_size=0.3, random_state=914)
#切分训练数据集为d1,d2两部分
X_d1, X_d2, y_d1, y_d2 = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.5, random_state=914)
dataset_d1 = np.zeros((X_d2.shape[0], len(clfs)))
dataset_d2 = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], len(clfs)))
for j, clf in enumerate(clfs):
#依次训练各个单模型
clf.fit(X_d1, y_d1)
y_submission = clf.predict_proba(X_d2)[:, 1]
dataset_d1[:, j] = y_submission
#对于测试集,直接用这k个模型的预测值作为新的特征。
dataset_d2[:, j] = clf.predict_proba(X_predict)[:, 1]
print("val auc Score: %f" % roc_auc_score(y_predict, dataset_d2[:, j]))
#融合使用的模型
clf = GradientBoostingClassifier()
clf.fit(dataset_d1, y_d2)
y_submission = clf.predict_proba(dataset_d2)[:, 1]
print("Val auc Score of Blending: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_predict, y_submission)))
复制代码
5.2 小结总结
简单平均和加权平均是常用的两种比赛中模型融合的方式。其优点是快速、简单。
stacking 在众多比赛中大杀四方,但是跑过代码的小伙伴想必能感受到速度之慢,同时 stacking 多层提升幅度并不能抵消其带来的时间和内存消耗,所以实际环境中应用还是有一定的难度,同时在有答辩环节的比赛中,主办方也会一定程度上考虑模型的复杂程度,所以说并不是模型融合的层数越多越好的。
当然在比赛中将加权平均、stacking、blending 等混用也是一种策略,可能会收获意想不到的效果哦!
6.完整 baseline 代码
import pandas as pd
import os
import gc
import lightgbm as lgb
import xgboost as xgb
from catboost import CatBoostRegressor
from sklearn.linear_model import SGDRegressor, LinearRegression, Ridge
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
import math
import numpy as np
from tqdm import tqdm
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold, KFold
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, f1_score, roc_auc_score, log_loss
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
复制代码
train = pd.read_csv('train.csv')
testA = pd.read_csv('testA.csv')
复制代码
data = pd.concat([train, testA], axis=0, ignore_index=True)
复制代码
6.1 数据预处理
print(sorted(data['grade'].unique()))
print(sorted(data['subGrade'].unique()))
复制代码
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G']
['A1', 'A2', 'A3', 'A4', 'A5', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3', 'B4', 'B5', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3', 'C4', 'C5', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3', 'D4', 'D5', 'E1', 'E2', 'E3', 'E4', 'E5', 'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'G1', 'G2', 'G3', 'G4', 'G5']
复制代码
data['employmentLength'].value_counts(dropna=False).sort_index()
复制代码
1 year 65671
10+ years 328525
2 years 90565
3 years 80163
4 years 59818
5 years 62645
6 years 46582
7 years 44230
8 years 45168
9 years 37866
< 1 year 80226
NaN 58541
Name: employmentLength, dtype: int64
复制代码
data['employmentLength'].replace(to_replace='10+ years', value='10 years', inplace=True)
data['employmentLength'].replace('< 1 year', '0 years', inplace=True)
def employmentLength_to_int(s):
if pd.isnull(s):
return s
else:
return np.int8(s.split()[0])
data['employmentLength'] = data['employmentLength'].apply(employmentLength_to_int)
复制代码
data['employmentLength'].value_counts(dropna=False).sort_index()
复制代码
0.0 80226
1.0 65671
2.0 90565
3.0 80163
4.0 59818
5.0 62645
6.0 46582
7.0 44230
8.0 45168
9.0 37866
10.0 328525
NaN 58541
Name: employmentLength, dtype: int64
复制代码
data['earliesCreditLine'].sample(5)
复制代码
375743 Jun-2003
361340 Jul-1999
716602 Aug-1995
893559 Oct-1982
221525 Nov-2004
Name: earliesCreditLine, dtype: object
复制代码
data['earliesCreditLine'] = data['earliesCreditLine'].apply(lambda s: int(s[-4:]))
复制代码
data['earliesCreditLine'].describe()
复制代码
count 1000000.000000
mean 1998.688632
std 7.606231
min 1944.000000
25% 1995.000000
50% 2000.000000
75% 2004.000000
max 2015.000000
Name: earliesCreditLine, dtype: float64
复制代码
# 部分类别特征
cate_features = ['grade', 'subGrade', 'employmentTitle', 'homeOwnership', 'verificationStatus', 'purpose', 'postCode', 'regionCode', \
'applicationType', 'initialListStatus', 'title', 'policyCode']
for f in cate_features:
print(f, '类型数:', data[f].nunique())
复制代码
grade 类型数: 7
subGrade 类型数: 35
employmentTitle 类型数: 298101
homeOwnership 类型数: 6
verificationStatus 类型数: 3
purpose 类型数: 14
postCode 类型数: 935
regionCode 类型数: 51
applicationType 类型数: 2
initialListStatus 类型数: 2
title 类型数: 47903
policyCode 类型数: 1
复制代码
# 类型数在2之上,又不是高维稀疏的
data = pd.get_dummies(data, columns=['grade', 'subGrade', 'homeOwnership', 'verificationStatus', 'purpose', 'regionCode'], drop_first=True)
复制代码
# 高维类别特征需要进行转换
for f in ['employmentTitle', 'postCode', 'title']:
data[f+'_cnts'] = data.groupby([f])['id'].transform('count')
data[f+'_rank'] = data.groupby([f])['id'].rank(ascending=False).astype(int)
del data[f]
复制代码
6.2 训练数据/测试数据准备
features = [f for f in data.columns if f not in ['id','issueDate','isDefault']]
train = data[data.isDefault.notnull()].reset_index(drop=True)
test = data[data.isDefault.isnull()].reset_index(drop=True)
x_train = train[features]
x_test = test[features]
y_train = train['isDefault']
复制代码
6.3 模型训练
def cv_model(clf, train_x, train_y, test_x, clf_name):
folds = 5
seed = 2020
kf = KFold(n_splits=folds, shuffle=True, random_state=seed)
train = np.zeros(train_x.shape[0])
test = np.zeros(test_x.shape[0])
cv_scores = []
for i, (train_index, valid_index) in enumerate(kf.split(train_x, train_y)):
print('************************************ {} ************************************'.format(str(i+1)))
trn_x, trn_y, val_x, val_y = train_x.iloc[train_index], train_y[train_index], train_x.iloc[valid_index], train_y[valid_index]
if clf_name == "lgb":
train_matrix = clf.Dataset(trn_x, label=trn_y)
valid_matrix = clf.Dataset(val_x, label=val_y)
params = {
'boosting_type': 'gbdt',
'objective': 'binary',
'metric': 'auc',
'min_child_weight': 5,
'num_leaves': 2 ** 5,
'lambda_l2': 10,
'feature_fraction': 0.8,
'bagging_fraction': 0.8,
'bagging_freq': 4,
'learning_rate': 0.1,
'seed': 2020,
'nthread': 28,
'n_jobs':24,
'silent': True,
'verbose': -1,
}
model = clf.train(params, train_matrix, 50000, valid_sets=[train_matrix, valid_matrix], verbose_eval=200,early_stopping_rounds=200)
val_pred = model.predict(val_x, num_iteration=model.best_iteration)
test_pred = model.predict(test_x, num_iteration=model.best_iteration)
# print(list(sorted(zip(features, model.feature_importance("gain")), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True))[:20])
if clf_name == "xgb":
train_matrix = clf.DMatrix(trn_x , label=trn_y)
valid_matrix = clf.DMatrix(val_x , label=val_y)
test_matrix = clf.DMatrix(test_x)
params = {'booster': 'gbtree',
'objective': 'binary:logistic',
'eval_metric': 'auc',
'gamma': 1,
'min_child_weight': 1.5,
'max_depth': 5,
'lambda': 10,
'subsample': 0.7,
'colsample_bytree': 0.7,
'colsample_bylevel': 0.7,
'eta': 0.04,
'tree_method': 'exact',
'seed': 2020,
'nthread': 36,
"silent": True,
}
watchlist = [(train_matrix, 'train'),(valid_matrix, 'eval')]
model = clf.train(params, train_matrix, num_boost_round=50000, evals=watchlist, verbose_eval=200, early_stopping_rounds=200)
val_pred = model.predict(valid_matrix, ntree_limit=model.best_ntree_limit)
test_pred = model.predict(test_matrix , ntree_limit=model.best_ntree_limit)
if clf_name == "cat":
params = {'learning_rate': 0.05, 'depth': 5, 'l2_leaf_reg': 10, 'bootstrap_type': 'Bernoulli',
'od_type': 'Iter', 'od_wait': 50, 'random_seed': 11, 'allow_writing_files': False}
model = clf(iterations=20000, **params)
model.fit(trn_x, trn_y, eval_set=(val_x, val_y),
cat_features=[], use_best_model=True, verbose=500)
val_pred = model.predict(val_x)
test_pred = model.predict(test_x)
train[valid_index] = val_pred
test = test_pred / kf.n_splits
cv_scores.append(roc_auc_score(val_y, val_pred))
print(cv_scores)
print("%s_scotrainre_list:" % clf_name, cv_scores)
print("%s_score_mean:" % clf_name, np.mean(cv_scores))
print("%s_score_std:" % clf_name, np.std(cv_scores))
return train, test
复制代码
def lgb_model(x_train, y_train, x_test):
lgb_train, lgb_test = cv_model(lgb, x_train, y_train, x_test, "lgb")
return lgb_train, lgb_test
def xgb_model(x_train, y_train, x_test):
xgb_train, xgb_test = cv_model(xgb, x_train, y_train, x_test, "xgb")
return xgb_train, xgb_test
def cat_model(x_train, y_train, x_test):
cat_train, cat_test = cv_model(CatBoostRegressor, x_train, y_train, x_test, "cat")
return cat_train, cat_test
复制代码
lgb_train, lgb_test = lgb_model(x_train, y_train, x_test)
复制代码
[706] training's auc: 0.771324 valid_1's auc: 0.731887
[0.7320814878889421, 0.7279015876934286, 0.7331203287449972, 0.731886588682118]
************************************ 5 ************************************
Training until validation scores don't improve for 200 rounds.
[200] training's auc: 0.743113 valid_1's auc: 0.729226
[400] training's auc: 0.7559 valid_1's auc: 0.730816
[600] training's auc: 0.766388 valid_1's auc: 0.73092
[800] training's auc: 0.77627 valid_1's auc: 0.731029
[1000] training's auc: 0.785791 valid_1's auc: 0.730933
Early stopping, best iteration is:
[883] training's auc: 0.780369 valid_1's auc: 0.731096
[0.7320814878889421, 0.7279015876934286, 0.7331203287449972, 0.731886588682118, 0.7310960057774112]
lgb_scotrainre_list: [0.7320814878889421, 0.7279015876934286, 0.7331203287449972, 0.731886588682118, 0.7310960057774112]
lgb_score_mean: 0.7312171997573793
lgb_score_std: 0.001779041696522632
复制代码
xgb_train, xgb_test = xgb_model(x_train, y_train, x_test)
复制代码
Will train until eval-auc hasn't improved in 200 rounds.
[200] train-auc:0.728072 eval-auc:0.722913
[400] train-auc:0.735517 eval-auc:0.726582
[600] train-auc:0.740782 eval-auc:0.728449
[800] train-auc:0.745258 eval-auc:0.729653
[1000] train-auc:0.749185 eval-auc:0.730489
[1200] train-auc:0.752723 eval-auc:0.731038
[1400] train-auc:0.755985 eval-auc:0.731466
[1600] train-auc:0.759166 eval-auc:0.731758
[1800] train-auc:0.762205 eval-auc:0.73199
[2000] train-auc:0.765197 eval-auc:0.732145
[2200] train-auc:0.767976 eval-auc:0.732194
Stopping. Best iteration:
[2191] train-auc:0.767852 eval-auc:0.732213
[0.7332460852050292, 0.7300358478747684, 0.7344942212088965, 0.7334876284761012, 0.7322134048106561]
xgb_scotrainre_list: [0.7332460852050292, 0.7300358478747684, 0.7344942212088965, 0.7334876284761012, 0.7322134048106561]
xgb_score_mean: 0.7326954375150903
xgb_score_std: 0.0015147392354657807
复制代码
cat_train, cat_test = cat_model(x_train, y_train, x_test)
复制代码
Shrink model to first 3433 iterations.
[0.7326058985428212, 0.7292909146788396, 0.7341207611812285, 0.7324483603137153]
************************************ 5 ************************************
0: learn: 0.4409876 test: 0.4409159 best: 0.4409159 (0) total: 52.3ms remaining: 17m 26s
500: learn: 0.3768055 test: 0.3776229 best: 0.3776229 (500) total: 38s remaining: 24m 38s
1000: learn: 0.3752600 test: 0.3768397 best: 0.3768397 (1000) total: 1m 15s remaining: 23m 57s
1500: learn: 0.3741843 test: 0.3764855 best: 0.3764855 (1500) total: 1m 53s remaining: 23m 16s
2000: learn: 0.3732691 test: 0.3762491 best: 0.3762490 (1998) total: 2m 31s remaining: 22m 40s
2500: learn: 0.3724407 test: 0.3761154 best: 0.3761154 (2500) total: 3m 9s remaining: 22m 5s
3000: learn: 0.3716764 test: 0.3760184 best: 0.3760184 (3000) total: 3m 47s remaining: 21m 26s
3500: learn: 0.3709545 test: 0.3759453 best: 0.3759453 (3500) total: 4m 24s remaining: 20m 47s
Stopped by overfitting detector (50 iterations wait)
bestTest = 0.3759421091
bestIteration = 3544
Shrink model to first 3545 iterations.
[0.7326058985428212, 0.7292909146788396, 0.7341207611812285, 0.7324483603137153, 0.7312334660628076]
cat_scotrainre_list: [0.7326058985428212, 0.7292909146788396, 0.7341207611812285, 0.7324483603137153, 0.7312334660628076]
cat_score_mean: 0.7319398801558824
cat_score_std: 0.001610863965629903
复制代码
rh_test = lgb_test*0.5 + xgb_test*0.5
复制代码
testA['isDefault'] = rh_test
复制代码
testA[['id','isDefault']].to_csv('test_sub.csv', index=False)
复制代码
项目链接以及码源
数据挖掘专栏
数据挖掘实践(金融风控):金融风控之贷款违约预测挑战赛(上篇)
数据挖掘实践(金融风控):金融风控之贷款违约预测挑战赛(下篇)
评论