《Operating System Concepts》学习第 8 天，p41-p49 总结，总计 9 页。

一、技术总结

1.peer-to-peer (P2P)

(1)定义

P2P is A mode of distributed computing in which all nodes act as both clients of other nodes and servers to other nodes.

(2)示例

Napster、Gnutella、Skype。

2.cloud computing

(1)定义

Cloud computing is a type of computing that delivers computing, storage, and even applications as a service across a network.

(2)示例

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (ec2)。

二、英语总结(生词：4)

1.breach

(1)breach: breche("break")

c. act of breaking or violating sth, such as rule, agreement, or boundary.

示例：Many homes use firewall to protect their networks from security breaches(《Operating System Concepts》第 41 页)。

2.hybrid

(1)hybrid: hybrida("crossbreed")

adj. mixing different elements to create sth new or mixed(混合的，杂交的).

示例 1：Skype uses a hybrid peer-to-peer approach. It includes a centralized login server, but it also incorporates decentralized peers and allows two peers to communicate(《Operating System Concepts》第 44 页)。

老是记不住这个单词的意思，现在添加一些记忆方法：

hybrid: highly + breed, 例如： liger(lion + tiger，狮虎兽)。

hybrid car(混动汽车): Cars which combine electric and gasoline power.

3.prevalent

(1)prevalent: pre-("before, in front of") + valere("have power, be strong")

adj. widespread, existing every commonly(普遍).

示例：Embedded computers are the most prevalent form of computers in existence(《Operating System Concepts》第 45 页)。

4.manifesto

(1)manifestus: manus("hand") + festus"grasp(to quickly take sth)"

(2)manifesto: manifestus + -o(suffix used in Latin nouns)

"Manifestus" originally conveyed the idea of something being grasped by hand， Over time, the term evolved into "manifesto," which refers to a public declaration of intentions, opinions, or goals—essentially making something clear or evident to others.

c. a written statement that makes ideas clear and visible to the public.

示例：In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which argues that all software should be free(《Operating System Concepts》第 45 页)。

关于英语的注解同步更新汇总到 https://github.com/codists/English-In-CS-Books 仓库。

三、其它

今天没有什么想说的。

四、参考资料

1. 编程

(1) Abraham Silberschatz，Peter Baer Galvin，Greg Gagne《Operating System Concepts》：https://book.douban.com/subject/30272539/

2. 英语

(1) Etymology Dictionary：https://www.etymonline.com

(2) Cambridge Dictionary：https://dictionary.cambridge.org

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