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【GreatSQL 优化器 -02】索引和 Sargable 谓词

作者:GreatSQL
  • 2024-11-15
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  • 本文字数:11967 字

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【GreatSQL优化器-02】索引和Sargable谓词

【GreatSQL 优化器-02】索引和 Sargable 谓词

一、Sargable 谓词介绍

GreatSQL 的优化器在有过滤条件的时候,需要先把条件按照是否有索引来进行区分,可以用索引来加速查询的条件称为 Sargable,其中 arge 来源于 Search Argument(搜索参数)的首字母拼成的"SARG"。GreatSQL 用keyuse_array索引数组和 Sargables 数组来储存 Sargable 谓词,其中 Sargable 数组是对keyuse_array的补充使用,比如``a<b``条件如果 a 列上建立有索引并且 b 不是常量,a 存入keyuse_array数组,而这个 b 就存入 Sargable 数组。因此 Sargable 也可以叫做 可索引谓词


Sargable 谓词在优化器执行make_join_plan的一开始就通过update_ref_and_keys提取出来了,用于对keyuse_array索引数组没有保存到的索引做补充。


生成的keyuse_array数组在后面的JOIN::optimize_keyuse_array函数里面会给每个索引的ref_table_rows变量赋值:一个索引数据对应多少行表数据,这样在后续Optimize_TABLE_order::find_best_ref计算最佳执行计划表顺序的时候可以根据ref_table_rows变量估计扫描开销,提取到的keyuse_array会让表的扫描方式走ref或者eq_ref方式扫描(见下表<<join_type 表扫描方式>>),如果没有keyuse_array的话就是用固定数值进行预估,这样算出来的表的read_cost是不准确的,表的扫描方式走range或者scan方式扫描,这样执行的是全表或索引扫描,这会引起查询的性能下降。



下面用一个简单的例子来说明 Sargable 谓词是什么。


CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT,date1 DATETIME);INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1,10,'2021-03-25 16:44:00.123456'),(2,1,'2022-03-26 16:44:00.123456'),(3,4,'2023-03-27 16:44:00.123456');CREATE TABLE t2 (cc1 INT PRIMARY KEY, cc2 INT);INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (1,3),(2,1),(3,2),(4,3);CREATE INDEX idx1 ON t1(c2);CREATE INDEX idx2 ON t1(c2,date1);CREATE INDEX idx2_1 ON t2(cc2);
SET optimizer_trace = 'enabled=ON' ;greatsql> SELECT * FROM t1 where c1 in (SELECT cc1 FROM t2) and c1 >c2;+----+------+---------------------+| c1 | c2 | date1 |+----+------+---------------------+| 2 | 1 | 2022-03-26 16:44:00 |+----+------+---------------------+> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OPTIMIZER_TRACE;| SELECT * FROM t1 where c1 in (SELECT cc1 FROM t2) and c1 >c2 | { "steps": [ {// 1、sql语句转换成更快执行的语句 "join_preparatiON": { "SELECT#": 1, "steps": [ { "join_preparatiON": { "SELECT#": 2, "steps": [ { "expanded_query": "/* SELECT#2 */ SELECT `t2`.`cc1` FROM `t2`" } ] } }, { "expanded_query": "/* SELECT#1 */ SELECT `t1`.`c1` AS `c1`,`t1`.`c2` AS `c2`,`t1`.`date1` AS `date1` FROM `t1` where (`t1`.`c1` in (/* SELECT#2 */ SELECT `t2`.`cc1` FROM `t2`) and (`t1`.`c1` > `t1`.`c2`))" }, { "transformatiON": { "SELECT#": 2, "FROM": "IN (SELECT)", "to": "semijoin", "chosen": true, "transformatiON_to_semi_join": { "subquery_predicate": "`t1`.`c1` in (/* SELECT#2 */ SELECT `t2`.`cc1` FROM `t2`)", "embedded in": "WHERE", "semi-join cONditiON": "(`t1`.`c1` = `t2`.`cc1`)", "decorrelated_predicates": [ { "outer": "`t1`.`c1`", "inner": "`t2`.`cc1`" } ] } } }, { "transformatiONs_to_nested_joins": { "transformatiONs": [ "semijoin" ],// 这个sql语句被转换成以下最终的语句,可以发现最后以semi join的形式查询的。 "expanded_query": "/* SELECT#1 */ SELECT `t1`.`c1` AS `c1`,`t1`.`c2` AS `c2`,`t1`.`date1` AS `date1` FROM `t1` semi join (`t2`) where ((`t1`.`c1` > `t1`.`c2`) and (`t1`.`c1` = `t2`.`cc1`))" } } ] } }, {// 2、优化器执行计划生成 "join_optimizatiON": { "SELECT#": 1, "steps": [ { "cONditiON_processing": { "cONditiON": "WHERE", "original_cONditiON": "((`t1`.`c1` > `t1`.`c2`) and (`t1`.`c1` = `t2`.`cc1`))", "steps": [ { "transformatiON": "equality_propagatiON", "resulting_cONditiON": "((`t1`.`c1` > `t1`.`c2`) and multiple equal(`t1`.`c1`, `t2`.`cc1`))" }, { "transformatiON": "cONstant_propagatiON", "resulting_cONditiON": "((`t1`.`c1` > `t1`.`c2`) and multiple equal(`t1`.`c1`, `t2`.`cc1`))" }, { "transformatiON": "trivial_cONditiON_removal", "resulting_cONditiON": "((`t1`.`c1` > `t1`.`c2`) and multiple equal(`t1`.`c1`, `t2`.`cc1`))" } ] } }, { "substitute_generated_columns": { } }, {// 表依赖,因为是两张表做join,因此这里显示了2张表 "TABLE_dependencies": [ { "TABLE": "`t1`", "row_may_be_null": false, "map_bit": 0, "depends_ON_map_bits": [ ] }, { "TABLE": "`t2`", "row_may_be_null": false, "map_bit": 1, "depends_ON_map_bits": [ ] } ] }, { "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [ //这里就是keyuse_array的结果,实际用到了两个索引,c1和cc2的唯一索引 { "TABLE": "`t1`", "field": "c1", "equals": "`t2`.`cc1`", "null_rejecting": true }, { "TABLE": "`t2`", "field": "cc1", "equals": "`t1`.`c1`", "null_rejecting": true } ] }, // 通过查看系统表可以查看到keyuse_array信息,但是Sargables数组信息没有显示。// 这个通过debug代码发现过程中提取出了一个谓词组,就是c1>c2,field值为cc1列,arg_value值为c2列,num_VALUES为所有Sargable谓词数量,这里为1。// 这个Sargable数组信息在后面函数update_sargable_FROM_cONst补充检查是否可以使用这里面的cc1索引加速查询。struct SARGABLE_PARAM { Field *field; // t2的cc1列 Item **arg_value; // t1的c2列 uINT num_VALUES; // 值为1,因为数组只有一个值};
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二、update_ref_and_keys 代码执行过程

update_ref_and_keys函数里面通过add_key_fields把查询 sql 的 cond 条件包含的索引信息添加到Key_use_array,注意只有等于的条件才会通过add_key_field添加key_field。cond 条件分为两种:FUNC_ITEMCOND_ITEM,其中and_level用于在merge_key_fields时候把用不到的key_field删掉。



实际代码执行过程:


bool JOIN::make_join_plan() {  // Build the key access informatiON, which is the basis for ref access.  //如果有查询条件或者查询语句是outer join的话,需要执行update_ref_and_keys获取所有sargables谓词。  if (where_cond || query_block->outer_join) {    if (update_ref_and_keys(thd, keyuse_array, join_tab, TABLEs, where_cONd,                            ~query_block->outer_join, query_block, &sargables))      return true;  }}
// 这里keyuse_array和sargables都是最后生成的结果,即所需的Sargable谓词static bool update_ref_and_keys(THD *thd, Key_use_array *keyuse_array, JOIN_TAB *join_tab, uINT TABLEs, Item *cONd, TABLE_map normal_TABLEs, Query_block *query_block, SARGABLE_PARAM **sargables) { if (cONd) { if (add_key_fields(thd, join, &end, &and_level, cONd, normal_TABLEs, sargables)) return true; } /* fill keyuse_array with found key parts */ // 把上面找到的带有索引的field加入到keyuse_array数组 for (; field != end; field++) { if (add_key_part(keyuse_array, field)) return true;//说明见下面 } if (!keyuse_array->empty()) { // 对找到的索引按照sort_keyuse_array条件进行比大小排序 std::sTABLE_sort(keyuse_array->begin(), keyuse_array->begin() + keyuse_array->size(), sort_keyuse); // 删除不用的索引列以及重复的索引列,这里最后装入的就是t1.c1和t2.cc1两个索引列。 }}
bool add_key_fields(THD *thd, JOIN *join, Key_field **key_fields, uINT *and_level, Item *cONd, TABLE_map usable_TABLEs, SARGABLE_PARAM **sargables) { List_iterator_fast<Item> li(*((Item_cONd *)cONd)->argument_list()); if (down_cast<Item_cONd *>(cONd)->functype() == Item_func::COND_AND_FUNC) { //对AND条件的所有参数进行广度和深度遍历,找出涉及的表的列相关索引,and_level不变,也就是说同一层AND连接的Key_field的and_level相同。 while ((item = li++)) { if (add_key_fields(thd, join, key_fields, and_level, item, usable_TABLEs, sargables)) return true; } } else { //对OR条件的所有参数进行广度和深度遍历,找出涉及的表的列相关索引,这里多一个merge_key_fields操作,用于对 OR 连接的谓词之间尽可能做 merge 操作 (*and_level)++; add_key_fields(); merge_key_fields(); } //按照不同函数的不同SELECT_optimize属性来抽取参数涉及的表列,见下表 auto optimize = cONd_func->SELECT_optimize(thd); switch (optimize) { case Item_func::OPTIMIZE_NONE: break; case Item_func::OPTIMIZE_KEY: case Item_func::OPTIMIZE_OP: case Item_func::OPTIMIZE_NULL: case Item_func::OPTIMIZE_EQUAL:}
static Key_field *merge_key_fields(Key_field *start, Key_field *new_fields, Key_field *end, uint and_level) { for (; new_fields != end; new_fields++) { for (Key_field *old = start; old != first_free; old++) { //如果当前or条件的item_field等于之前已经标记的条件的item_field 1、or条件的值不为常量:改变以下3个值 old->level = and_level; old->optimize old->null_rejecting 2、or条件的值等于之前已经标记的条件的值:改变以下3个值 old->level = and_level; old->optimize old->null_rejecting 3、or条件的值等于null,并且之前已经标记的条件的值为null并且为常量:改变以下3个值 old->level = and_level; old->optimize = KEY_OPTIMIZE_REF_OR_NULL; old->null_rejecting = false; 4、以上都不是,那么可以合并,把之前条件的key_field删除。 } }}
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函数的 SELECT_optimize 属性见下表。


三、Key_field 举例说明

INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (5,5,'2024-03-25 16:44:00.123456');INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (5,15);例子1:SELECT * FROM t1 join t2 ON t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t2.cc1=t1.c1 or t1.c1=5;转换为:where (((`t1`.`c1` = `) and (`t2`.`cc1` = `t1`.`c1`)) or (`t1`.`c1` = 5))对于 t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t2.cc1 = t1.c1 or t1.c1=5可以生成三个 Key_field:1. Key_field(c1=cc1, and_level=1)2. Key_field(cc1=c1, and_level=1)3. Key_field(c1=5, and_level=2)
做合并之前,先赋值field="cc1=c1"merge_key_fields()函数执行merge由 OR 连接的左右条件:->对于 c1=cc1: ->判断c1=5是否可以合并 -> c1相等。可以合并 ->将 c1=5 的Key_field删除,剩下c1=cc1,注意这里返回的end="cc1=c1"->对于 cc1=c1: ->判断 c1=5 是否可以合并 ->cc1不等于c1,不能合并->将所有没有被合并的 Key_field 去掉
最终剩下2个 Key_field:Key_field(c1=cc1, and_level=1, optimize=0, null_rejecting=true)Key_field(cc1=c1, and_level=1, optimize=0, null_rejecting=true)最后因为通过merge_key_fields算出来的field==end,因此不加入keyuse_array,注意只有or条件才会执行merge_key_fields。这里条件如果去掉or t1.c1=5这两个key_field就会加入keyuse_array
于是看到如下的trace,这里面的access_type全是scan方式,说明没有用索引提升查询性能。 "considered_execution_plans": [ { "plan_prefix": [ ], "TABLE": "`t1`", "best_access_path": { "cONsidered_access_paths": [ { "rows_to_scan": 4, "filtering_effect": [ ], "final_filtering_effect": 1, "access_type": "scan", 这里t1的扫描方式是索引扫描 "resulting_rows": 4, "cost": 0.65, "chosen": true } ] }, "rest_of_plan": [ { "plan_prefix": [ "`t1`" ], "TABLE": "`t2`", "best_access_path": { "cONsidered_access_paths": [ { "rows_to_scan": 5, "filtering_effect": [ ], "final_filtering_effect": 1, "access_type": "scan", 这里t2的扫描方式是索引扫描 "using_join_cache": true, "buffers_needed": 1, "resulting_rows": 5, "cost": 2.25005, "chosen": true } ] },-- 下面的结果中,type=index,表明选择了索引扫描,跟上面算出来的结论一致greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 join t2 ON t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t2.cc1=t1.c1 or t1.c1=5;+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | index | PRIMARY | idx2 | 11 | NULL | 4 | 100.00 | Using index | 这里选择了索引扫描,跟上面算出来的结论一致| 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | NULL | index | PRIMARY | idx2_1 | 5 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using join buffer (hash join) |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
例子2:SELECT * FROM t1 join t2 ON t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t1.c2<5;where条件被转换为:where ((`t1`.`c1` = `t2`.`cc1`) and (`t1`.`c2` < 5))t1.c2<5不是等于条件,因此不生成Key_field,最后生成2个 Key_field:1. Key_field(c1=cc1, and_level=0)2. Key_field(cc1=c1, and_level=0)
因为没有OR条件因此不需要进行合并操作,最终剩下以上2个 Key_field:Key_field(c1=cc1, and_level=0, optimize=0, null_rejecting=true)Key_field(cc1=c1, and_level=0, optimize=0, null_rejecting=true)这两个Key_field会加入keyuse_array,在后面Optimize_TABLE_order::find_best_ref被用于执行优化,让表的扫描方式为eq_ref,见下面。
{ "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [ 这里用到了2条包含等号的索引列 { "TABLE": "`t1`", "field": "c1", "equals": "`t2`.`cc1`", "null_rejecting": true }, { "TABLE": "`t2`", "field": "cc1", "equals": "`t1`.`c1`", "null_rejecting": true } ] }, "cONsidered_executiON_plans": [ { "plan_prefix": [ ], "TABLE": "`t1`", "best_access_path": { "cONsidered_access_paths": [ { "access_type": "ref", 这种ref扫描不被选择 "INDEX": "PRIMARY", "usable": false, "chosen": false }, { "rows_to_scan": 3, "filtering_effect": [ ], "final_filtering_effect": 1, "access_type": "range", 第一次需要对于t1做范围扫描 "range_details": { "used_INDEX": "PRIMARY" }, "resulting_rows": 3, "cost": 0.860732, "chosen": true } ] "rest_of_plan": [ { "plan_prefix": [ "`t1`" ], "TABLE": "`t2`", "best_access_path": { "cONsidered_access_paths": [ { "access_type": "eq_ref", 对于t2.cc1=t1.c1条件,因为t1.c1固定了因此这里t2的扫描方式可以用eq_ref的方式 "INDEX": "PRIMARY", "rows": 1, "cost": 1.05, "chosen": true, "cause": "clustered_pk_chosen_by_heuristics" }, { "access_type": "range", 这种范围扫描不被选择 "range_details": { "used_INDEX": "PRIMARY" }, "chosen": false, "cause": "heuristic_INDEX_cheaper" } ] }, "cONditiON_filtering_pct": 100, "rows_for_plan": 3, "cost_for_plan": 1.91073, "chosen": true } ] { "plan_prefix": [ ], "TABLE": "`t2`", "best_access_path": { "cONsidered_access_paths": [ { "access_type": "ref", 这种ref扫描不被选择 "INDEX": "PRIMARY", "usable": false, "chosen": false }, { "rows_to_scan": 4, "filtering_effect": [ ], "final_filtering_effect": 1, "access_type": "range", 对于t2表用到了范围扫描 "range_details": { "used_INDEX": "PRIMARY" }, "resulting_rows": 4, "cost": 1.06082, "chosen": true } ] }, "rest_of_plan": [ { "plan_prefix": [ "`t2`" ], "TABLE": "`t1`", "best_access_path": { "cONsidered_access_paths": [ { "access_type": "eq_ref", 对于t1.c1=t2.cc1条件,因为t2.cc1固定了因此这里t1的扫描方式可以用eq_ref的方式 "INDEX": "PRIMARY", "rows": 1, "cost": 1.4, "chosen": true, "cause": "clustered_pk_chosen_by_heuristics" }, { "access_type": "range", 这种范围扫描不被选择 "range_details": { "used_INDEX": "PRIMARY" }, "chosen": false, "cause": "heuristic_INDEX_cheaper" } ] },-- t1表:type=range,这个扫描方式,下一期讲-- t2表:type=eq_ref方式扫描greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 join t2 ON t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t1.c1<5;+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using where || 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | db1.t1.c1 | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+
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从上面的例子发现有唯一索引查询的时候,条件带有 or 的话是无法使用 Sargable 谓词提高效率的。如果是 and 条件的话,只有等于条件才会被判定为 Sargable 谓词。因此做 join 连接的时候尽量避免 or 条件的过滤。


-- 对比上面2个最后生成的执行计划,第一个预估cost=2.90,第二个预估cost=1.91,效率更高greatsql> EXPLAIN FORMAT=TREE SELECT * FROM t1 join t2 ON t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t2.cc1=t1.c1 or t1.c1=5;+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| EXPLAIN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| -> Filter: ((t2.cc1 = t1.c1) or (t1.c1 = 5))  (cost=2.90 rows=20)    -> Inner hash join (no cONditiON)  (cost=2.90 rows=20)        -> INDEX scan ON t2 using idx2_1  (cost=0.19 rows=5)        -> Hash            -> INDEX scan ON t1 using idx2  (cost=0.65 rows=4) |+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
greatsql> EXPLAIN FORMAT=TREE SELECT * FROM t1 join t2 ON t1.c1=t2.cc1 and t1.c1<5;+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| EXPLAIN |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| -> Nested loop inner join (cost=1.91 rows=3) -> Filter: (t1.c1 < 5) (cost=0.86 rows=3) -> INDEX range scan ON t1 using PRIMARY over (c1 < 5) (cost=0.86 rows=3) -> Single-row INDEX lookup ON t2 using PRIMARY (cc1=t1.c1) (cost=0.28 rows=1) |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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附录:join_type 表扫描方式


四、总结

从上面优化器最早的步骤我们认识了 Sargable 谓词的定义和判定方法,如果查询用到了 Sargable 谓词是可以进行 eq_ref 扫描方式的,有效提高了查询效率。通过实际例子发现,在做多表连接的时候用 OR 条件会降低执行效率,同时用唯一索引列作为连接条件的话会提高效率。因此实际写查询 sql 的时候,尽量用唯一索引作为连接条件,少用 OR 条件进行过滤。


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【GreatSQL优化器-02】索引和Sargable谓词_GreatSQL_InfoQ写作社区