面经手册 · 第 2 篇《数据结构，HashCode 为什么使用 31 作为乘数？》

// 获取hashCode "abc".hashCode();
public int hashCode() {
    int h = hash;
    if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
        char val[] = value;
        for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
            h = 31 * h + val[i];
        }
        hash = h;
    }
    return h;
}

The value 31 was chosen because it is an odd prime. If it were even and the multiplication overflowed, information would be lost, as multiplication by 2 is equivalent to shifting. The advantage of using a prime is less clear, but it is traditional. A nice property of 31 is that the multiplication can be replaced by a shift and a subtraction for better performance: 31 * i == (i << 5) - i. Modern VMs do this sort of optimization automatically.

As Goodrich and Tamassia point out, If you take over 50,000 English words (formed as the union of the word lists provided in two variants of Unix), using the constants 31, 33, 37, 39, and 41 will produce less than 7 collisions in each case. Knowing this, it should come as no surprise that many Java implementations choose one of these constants.

1	a	"n.(A)As 或 A's  安(ampere(a) art.一;n.字母A /[军] Analog.Digital,模拟/数字 /(=account of) 帐上"
2	aaal	American Academy of Arts and Letters 美国艺术和文学学会
3	aachen	 亚琛[德意志联邦共和国西部城市]
4	aacs	Airways and Air Communications Service (美国)航路与航空通讯联络处
5	aah	" [军]Armored Artillery Howitzer,装甲榴弹炮;[军]Advanced Attack Helicopter,先进攻击直升机"
6	aal	"ATM Adaptation Layer,ATM适应层"
7	aapamoor	"n.[生]丘泽,高低位镶嵌沼泽"

public static Integer hashCode(String str, Integer multiplier) {
    int hash = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
        hash = multiplier * hash + str.charAt(i);
    }
    return hash;
}

private static RateInfo hashCollisionRate(Integer multiplier, List<Integer> hashCodeList) {
    int maxHash = hashCodeList.stream().max(Integer::compareTo).get();
    int minHash = hashCodeList.stream().min(Integer::compareTo).get();
    int collisionCount = (int) (hashCodeList.size() - hashCodeList.stream().distinct().count());
    double collisionRate = (collisionCount * 1.0) / hashCodeList.size();
    return new RateInfo(maxHash, minHash, multiplier, collisionCount, collisionRate);
}

@Before
public void before() {
    "abc".hashCode();
    // 读取文件，103976个英语单词库.txt
    words = FileUtil.readWordList("E:/itstack/git/github.com/interview/interview-01/103976个英语单词库.txt");
}
@Test
public void test_collisionRate() {
    List<RateInfo> rateInfoList = HashCode.collisionRateList(words, 2, 3, 5, 7, 17, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 199);
    for (RateInfo rate : rateInfoList) {
        System.out.println(String.format("乘数 = %4d, 最小Hash = %11d, 最大Hash = %10d, 碰撞数量 =%6d, 碰撞概率 = %.4f%%", rate.getMultiplier(), rate.getMinHash(), rate.getMaxHash(), rate.getCollisionCount(), rate.getCollisionRate() * 100));
    }
}

单词数量：103976
乘数 =    2, 最小Hash =          97, 最大Hash = 1842581979, 碰撞数量 = 60382, 碰撞概率 = 58.0730%
乘数 =    3, 最小Hash = -2147308825, 最大Hash = 2146995420, 碰撞数量 = 24300, 碰撞概率 = 23.3708%
乘数 =    5, 最小Hash = -2147091606, 最大Hash = 2147227581, 碰撞数量 =  7994, 碰撞概率 = 7.6883%
乘数 =    7, 最小Hash = -2147431389, 最大Hash = 2147226363, 碰撞数量 =  3826, 碰撞概率 = 3.6797%
乘数 =   17, 最小Hash = -2147238638, 最大Hash = 2147101452, 碰撞数量 =   576, 碰撞概率 = 0.5540%
乘数 =   31, 最小Hash = -2147461248, 最大Hash = 2147444544, 碰撞数量 =     2, 碰撞概率 = 0.0019%
乘数 =   32, 最小Hash = -2007883634, 最大Hash = 2074238226, 碰撞数量 = 34947, 碰撞概率 = 33.6106%
乘数 =   33, 最小Hash = -2147469046, 最大Hash = 2147378587, 碰撞数量 =     1, 碰撞概率 = 0.0010%
乘数 =   39, 最小Hash = -2147463635, 最大Hash = 2147443239, 碰撞数量 =     0, 碰撞概率 = 0.0000%
乘数 =   41, 最小Hash = -2147423916, 最大Hash = 2147441721, 碰撞数量 =     1, 碰撞概率 = 0.0010%
乘数 =  199, 最小Hash = -2147459902, 最大Hash = 2147480320, 碰撞数量 =     0, 碰撞概率 = 0.0000%
Process finished with exit code 0

public static Map<Integer, Integer> hashArea(List<Integer> hashCodeList) {
    Map<Integer, Integer> statistics = new LinkedHashMap<>();
    int start = 0;
    for (long i = 0x80000000; i <= 0x7fffffff; i += 67108864) {
        long min = i;
        long max = min + 67108864;
        // 筛选出每个格子里的哈希值数量，java8流统计；https://bugstack.cn/itstack-demo-any/2019/12/10/%E6%9C%89%E7%82%B9%E5%B9%B2%E8%B4%A7-Jdk1.8%E6%96%B0%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87(41%E4%B8%AA%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B).html
        int num = (int) hashCodeList.parallelStream().filter(x -> x >= min && x < max).count();
        statistics.put(start++, num);
    }
    return statistics;

@Test
public void test_hashArea() {
    System.out.println(HashCode.hashArea(words, 2).values());
    System.out.println(HashCode.hashArea(words, 7).values());
    System.out.println(HashCode.hashArea(words, 31).values());
    System.out.println(HashCode.hashArea(words, 32).values());
    System.out.println(HashCode.hashArea(words, 199).values());
}