原文转载自「刘悦的技术博客」https://v3u.cn/a_id_213
上世纪九十年代,海湾战争的时候,一位美军军官担心他们的五角大楼会被敌人的一枚导弹干掉,从而导致在全球的美军基地处于瘫痪状态。这时候,有一位天才的科学家说,最好的中心就是没有中心。是的,这就是最朴素的去中心化思想,于是互联网出现了。一个没有互联网的时代是无法想象的,互联网的核心就是把一个信息分成若干的小件,用不同的途径传播出去,怎么方便怎么走。
三十年后的今天,去中心化身份逐渐被广泛采用。用户的部分在线活动在链上是公开的,可通过加密钱包搜索到,用户在链上创造、贡献、赚取和拥有的东西,都反映了他们的喜好,也逐渐积累成该用户的身份和标识。
当我们的用户厌倦了传统的电子邮件/密码注册流程时,他们会选择 Google、GitHub 等社交登录方式,这种方式虽然节约了用户的时间,但登录信息也会被第三方平台记录,也就是说我们用平台账号做了什么,平台都会一目了然,甚至还会对我们的行为进行分析、画像。那么有没有一种登录方式,它的所有信息都只保存在客户端和后端,并不牵扯三方平台授权,最大化的保证用户隐私呢?Web3.0 给我们提供了一种选择:MetaMask。
MetaMask
MetaMask 是用于与以太坊区块链进行交互的软件加密货币钱包。MetaMask 允许用户通过浏览器插件或移动应用程序访问其以太坊钱包,然后可以使用这些扩展程序与去中心化应用程序进行交互。当然了,首先需要拥有一个 MetaMask 钱包,进入https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/metamask/nkbihfbeogaeaoehlefnkodbefgpgknn
安装 metamask 浏览器插件:
随后点开插件,创建账号,记录密码、钱包地址、以及助记词等信息。
安装好插件之后,我们就可以利用这个插件和网站应用做交互了。
钱包登录流程
登录逻辑和传统的三方登录还是有差异的,传统三方登录一般是首先跳转三方平台进行授权操作,随后三方平台将 code 验证码返回给登录平台,登录平台再使用 code 请求三方平台换取 token,再通过 token 请求用户账号信息,而钱包登录则是先在前端通过 Web3.js 浏览器插件中保存的私钥对钱包地址进行签名操作,随后将签名和钱包地址发送到后端,后端利用 Web3 的库用同样的算法进行验签操作,如果验签通过,则将钱包信息存入 token,并且返回给前端。
前端签名操作
首先需要下载前端的 Web3.0 操作库,https://docs.ethers.io/v4/,随后集成到登录页面中:
<script src="{{ static_url("js/ethers-v4.min.js") }}"></script>
<script src="{{ static_url("js/axios.js") }}"></script>
<script src="{{ static_url("js/vue.js") }}"></script>
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这里我们基于 Vue.js 配合 Axios 使用。
接着声明登录激活方法:
sign_w3:function(){
that = this;
ethereum.enable().then(function () {
this.provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(web3.currentProvider);
this.provider.getNetwork().then(function (result) {
if (result['chainId'] != 1) {
console.log("Switch to Mainnet!")
} else { // okay, confirmed we're on mainnet
this.provider.listAccounts().then(function (result) {
console.log(result);
this.accountAddress = result[0]; // figure out the user's Eth address
this.provider.getBalance(String(result[0])).then(function (balance) {
var myBalance = (balance / ethers.constants.WeiPerEther).toFixed(4);
console.log("Your Balance: " + myBalance);
});
// get a signer object so we can do things that need signing
this.signer = provider.getSigner();
var rightnow = (Date.now()/1000).toFixed(0)
var sortanow = rightnow-(rightnow%600)
this.signer.signMessage("Signing in to "+document.domain+" at "+sortanow, accountAddress, "test password!")
.then((signature) => { that.handleAuth(accountAddress,signature);
});
console.log(this.signer);
})
}
})
})
},
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通过使用 signMessage 方法返回签名,这里加签过程中使用基于时间戳的随机数防止未签名,当前端签名生成好之后,立刻异步请求后台接口:
//检查验证
handleAuth:function(accountAddress, signature){
this.myaxios("/checkw3/","post",{"public_address":accountAddress,"signature":signature}).then(data =>{
if(data.errcode==0){
alert("欢迎:"+data.public_address);
localStorage.setItem("token",data.token);
localStorage.setItem("email",data.public_address);
window.location.href = "/";
}else{
alert("验证失败");
}
});
}
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这里将当前账户的钱包地址和签名传递给后端,如图所示:
完整页面代码:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Edu</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no, viewport-fit=cover">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ static_url("css/min.css") }}" >
<link rel="icon" href="/static/img/favicon.68cbf4197b0c.png">
<script src="{{ static_url("js/ethers-v4.min.js") }}"></script>
<script src="{{ static_url("js/axios.js") }}"></script>
<script src="{{ static_url("js/vue.js") }}"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
{% include "head.html" %}
<div id="app" class="container main-content">
<div class="row justify-content-center">
<div class="col-md-10 col-lg-8 article">
<div class="article-body page-body mx-auto" style="max-width: 400px;">
<h1 class="text-center mb-4">Sign-in</h1>
<div class="socialaccount_ballot">
<div class="text-center mb-3">
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a @click="sign_w3()" title="GitHub" class="socialaccount_provider github btn btn-secondary btn-lg w-100" href="JavaScript:void(0)">Connect With <strong>Meta Mask</strong></a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="GitHub" class="socialaccount_provider github btn btn-secondary btn-lg w-100" href="https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize?client_id=249b69d8f6e63efb2590&redirect_uri=http://localhost:8000/github_back/">Connect With <strong>GitHub</strong></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="text-center text-muted my-3">— or —</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div id="div_id_login" class="form-group">
<label for="id_login" class=" requiredField">
Email<span class="asteriskField">*</span>
</label>
<div class="">
<input type="email" v-model="email" placeholder="" autocomplete="email" autofocus="autofocus" class="textinput textInput form-control" >
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div id="div_id_password" class="form-group">
<label for="id_password" class=" requiredField">
Password<span class="asteriskField">*</span>
</label>
<div class="">
<input type="password" v-model="password" placeholder="" autocomplete="current-password" minlength="8" maxlength="99" class="textinput textInput form-control" >
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<button class="btn btn-primary btn-lg text-wrap px-5 mt-2 w-100" name="jsSubmitButton" @click="sign_on">Sign-In</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{% include "foot.html" %}
</div>
<script>
const App = {
data() {
return {
email:"",
password:"",
provider:null,
accountAddress:"",
signer:null
};
},
created: function() {
},
methods: {
//metamask登录
sign_w3:function(){
that = this;
ethereum.enable().then(function () {
this.provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(web3.currentProvider);
this.provider.getNetwork().then(function (result) {
if (result['chainId'] != 1) {
console.log("Switch to Mainnet!")
} else { // okay, confirmed we're on mainnet
this.provider.listAccounts().then(function (result) {
console.log(result);
this.accountAddress = result[0]; // figure out the user's Eth address
this.provider.getBalance(String(result[0])).then(function (balance) {
var myBalance = (balance / ethers.constants.WeiPerEther).toFixed(4);
console.log("Your Balance: " + myBalance);
});
// get a signer object so we can do things that need signing
this.signer = provider.getSigner();
var rightnow = (Date.now()/1000).toFixed(0)
var sortanow = rightnow-(rightnow%600)
this.signer.signMessage("Signing in to "+document.domain+" at "+sortanow, accountAddress, "test password!")
.then((signature) => { that.handleAuth(accountAddress,signature);
});
console.log(this.signer);
})
}
})
})
},
//检查验证
handleAuth:function(accountAddress, signature){
this.myaxios("/checkw3/","post",{"public_address":accountAddress,"signature":signature}).then(data =>{
if(data.errcode==0){
alert("欢迎:"+data.public_address);
localStorage.setItem("token",data.token);
localStorage.setItem("email",data.public_address);
window.location.href = "/";
}else{
alert("验证失败");
}
});
},
sign_on:function(){
if(this.email == ""){
alert("邮箱不能为空");
return false;
}
if(this.password == ""){
alert("密码不能为空");
return false;
}
//登录
this.myaxios("/user_signon/","get",{"email":this.email,"password":this.password}).then(data =>{
if(data.errcode != 0){
alert(data.msg);
}else{
alert(data.msg);
localStorage.setItem("token",data.token);
localStorage.setItem("email",data.email);
window.location.href = "/";
//localStorage.removeItem("token")
}
});
},
},
};
const app = Vue.createApp(App);
app.config.globalProperties.myaxios = myaxios;
app.config.globalProperties.axios = axios;
app.config.compilerOptions.delimiters = ['${', '}']
app.mount("#app");
</script>
</body>
</html>
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Tornado 后端验签:
有人说,既然钱包私钥是存储在浏览器中,也就是保存在客户端,那签名已经通过私钥生成了,为什么还要过一遍后端呢?这不是多此一举吗?事实上,攻击者完全可能获取到前端生成的所有信息,所以签名一定必须得是后端提供,或者至少有一步后端验证,比如著名的微信小程序获取openid问题。
后端我们使用异步框架 Tornado,配合 web3 库进行调用,首先安装依赖:
pip3 install tornado==6.1
pip3 install web3==5.29.1
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随后创建异步视图方法:
from tornado.web import url
import tornado.web
from tornado import httpclient
from .base import BaseHandler
from web3.auto import w3
from eth_account.messages import defunct_hash_message
import time
class CheckW3(BaseHandler):
async def post(self):
public_address = self.get_argument("public_address")
signature = self.get_argument("signature")
domain = self.request.host
if ":" in domain:
domain = domain[0:domain.index(":")]
now = int(time.time())
sortanow = now-now%600
original_message = 'Signing in to {} at {}'.format(domain,sortanow)
print("[+] checking: "+original_message)
message_hash = defunct_hash_message(text=original_message)
signer = w3.eth.account.recoverHash(message_hash, signature=signature)
if signer == public_address:
try:
user = await self.application.objects.get(User,email=public_address)
except Exception as e:
user = await self.application.objects.create(User,email=public_address,password=create_password("third"),role=1)
myjwt = MyJwt()
token = myjwt.encode({"id":user.id})
self.finish({"msg":"ok","errcode":0,"public_address":public_address,"token":token})
else:
self.finish({"msg":"could not authenticate signature","errcode":1})
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这里通过 recoverHash 方法对签名进行反编译操作,如果反编译后的钱包地址和前端传过来的钱包地址温和,那么说明当前账户的身份验证通过:
当验签通过之后,利用钱包地址在后台创建账号,随后将钱包地址、token 等信息返回给前端,前端将其保存在 stroage 中即可。
结语
没错,将至已至,未来已来,是时候将 Web3.0 区块链技术融入产品了,虽然有些固有的思维方式依然在人们的脑海挥之不去,但世界却在时不我待地变化着,正是:青山遮不住,毕竟东流去!项目开源在https://github.com/zcxey2911/Tornado6_Vuejs3_Edu ,与君共觞。
原文转载自「刘悦的技术博客」 https://v3u.cn/a_id_213
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