《Operating System Concepts》学习第 4 天，p13-p16 总结，总计 4 页。

一、技术总结

1.storage

指令只能在 memory 上执行，所以要执行程序，那么就要加载到内存上。

2.primary storage

primary storage 包含下面这些分类：

(1)register

(2)cache

(3)main memory

3.secondary storage

The most common secondary-storage devices are hard-disk drives (HDDs) and nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices, which provide storage for both programs and data.

(1)nonvolatile memory(如：NVM)

(2)HDDs(hard disk drives)

二、英语总结(生词：4)

1.tertiary

(1) tertiary: tert-("third")

adj. relating to a third level or stage.

示例：Tertiary storage(三级存储)——A type of storage that is slower and cheaper than main memory or secondary storage; frequently magnetic tape or optical disk(《Operating System Concepts》glossary G-36)。

2.disparity

(1)disparity: dis-("not") + par-("equal")

c/u. not equal or a difference(差距，差异)。

示例： Caches can be installed to improve performance where a large disparity in access time or transfer rate exists between two components(《Operating System Concepts》第 14 页)。

3.landscape

(1)landscape: land("land, soil(土壤), territory(领土)") + scape("-ship, shape, condition, state")

c. physical meaning: a large area of land, especially in relation to its appearance. Figurative meaning: The overall view, structure or environment of sth.

示例：On modern computers, from mobile devices to servers, multiprocessor systems now dominate the landscape of computing(《Operating System Concepts》第 16 页)。

上面这句话使用的就是 landscape 的比喻意义。

4.incur

(1)incur: in-("into") + curtere("to run")

vt. Incur literally means "to run into", implying sth(usually negative) is brought about or bring upone oneself.

示例 1：When multiple processors cooperate on a task, a certain amount of overhead is incurred in keeping all the parts working correctly(《Operating System Concepts》第 16 页)。

示例 2："He incurred a fine for speeding." (He brought the fine upon himself by speeding)(他因超速而被罚款)。

关于英语的注解同步更新汇总到 https://github.com/codists/English-In-CS-Books 仓库。

三、其它

时常思考，怎么才能把这些学的和当前工作联系起来，学有所用。从目前的情况看，如果是基础类的书籍，比较难做到，因为能用到的知识可能就那么一点。如果是应用类的书籍，相对而言比较容易。

四、参考资料

1. 编程

(1) Abraham Silberschatz，Peter Baer Galvin，Greg Gagne《Operating System Concepts》：https://book.douban.com/subject/30272539/

2. 英语

(1) Etymology Dictionary：https://www.etymonline.com

(2) Cambridge Dictionary：https://dictionary.cambridge.org

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